Term
| when do anterior fontanels close? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when do posterior fontanels close? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are fractures of the Epiphyses of concern in children? |
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Definition
| it is where the long bone growth centers are. |
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Term
| Why might a child get growing pains? |
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Definition
| because thier bones grow quicker than those of adults. |
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Term
| Why might a childs fracture be mistaken for a sprain? |
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Definition
| until puberty childrens ligaments and tendons are stronger than bones. |
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Term
| What is osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)? |
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Definition
| group of inhereted disorders of connective tissue with conective tissue and bone defects. |
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Term
| what disease is know as fragile bone disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| The signs of OI should not be confused with what? |
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Definition
| child abuse. fragile bones may break easier and you may see bones in different stages of healing with this disease. |
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Term
| what does iotrogenic mean? |
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Definition
| caused by medical treatment |
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Term
| With what disease would you never lift a child by their legs to change a diaper? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is Legg-Calve perthes disease? |
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Definition
| avascular necrosis of the head of the femur most frequently seen in children 4-8 years of age. |
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Term
| what are the four stages of legg-calves disease? |
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Definition
| avascular, revascular/fragmentation, repairative, regenerative. |
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Term
| what are some assessment findings of someone with legg-calves perthes disease? |
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Definition
| intermitten limp with or without pain, intermitten or constant hip soreness, ache and stiffness that goes away with rest, ROM limited in hip internal rotation and hip abduction, pain that increases with weight bearing and may radiate to thighs or knee. |
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Term
| what is the treatment of legg- calves perthes disease include? |
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Definition
| skin traction for abduction and internal rotation to position the head of the femur deep into the acetabulum, NWB initially, standing and kneeling prohbited, later motionis encouraged, bracing abducts hips 45 degrees, surgery. |
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Term
| what occurs in slipped capital femoral epiphysis? |
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Definition
| spontaneous displacement of the proximal femoral epiphysis in a posterior or inferior direction. |
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Term
| when is the onset of slipped capital femoral epiphysis? |
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Definition
| the onset peak is 12-13 years. onset can occur abruptly with injury or can occur gradually. |
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Term
| What are some assessment findings with slipped capital femoral epiphysis? |
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Definition
| limited hip abduction and internal rotation, pain which can be referred to the knee or anterior medial thigh or groin, limp on the affected side and finally the inability to walk, leg shortening. |
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Term
| what may delayed treatment lead to in slipped capital femoral epiphysis? |
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Definition
| degenerative osteoarthritis |
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Term
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Definition
| an s shaped lateral curvature of the spine with rotation of the rib cage. causes cosmetic and physiological change in the spine, chest, and pelvis |
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Term
| what group tends to have scoliosis more? |
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Definition
| girls 12- 16 years of age. |
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Term
| how is scoliosis managed in someone with a curvature of 20-40 degrees? |
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Definition
| braces worn 16- 23 hours. |
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Term
| how is scoliosis managed for a curvature of 45-55 degrees or more? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the post op care given to a patient that just went through a back surgery to fix scoliosis? |
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Definition
| log roll, no twisting, abdomen assessment, check for urinary retention, treat pain, quad setting excersises, assess for feeling sense, assess respiratory |
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Term
| what are the two different types of traction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ilizarov external fixator used for? |
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Definition
| immobilize fractures, corrects angulation defects, may be used for limb lengthening. |
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Term
| in traction what determines the line of pull? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some effects of immobilzation of the musculoskeletal system? |
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Definition
| reduce strength and coordination, bone demineralization, loss of joint mobility and contracture formation |
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Term
| what are some side effects of immobilzation on the cardiac system? |
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Definition
| thrombus formation, increased cardiac workload, venous stasis and dependant edema |
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Term
| what are some side effects of immoblization on the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| reduced rate and depth of respirations, limited chest expansion, reduced movement of secretions, atelectasis leading to hypostatis pneumonia. |
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Term
| what are some effects of the GI due to immobilazation? |
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Definition
| overweight related to inactivity, underweight related to poor apetite or diet intolerance, neg nitrogen balance, muscle wasting, constipation. |
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Term
| what are effects on the GU system due to immobilazation? |
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Definition
| urinary stasis or urinary tract infection |
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|
Term
| what effects are taken on the skin due to imobility? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if a child has been restrained before the age of 3 what may occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are some reaction to imobility that you should assess for? |
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Definition
| regression, depression, guilt, protest, anger, belief that bad behavior or thoughts cause injury ( only in toddlers) |
|
|
Term
| what does inversion varus mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| wat does inversion valgus mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe dorsiflexion calcaneus? |
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Definition
| toes are higher than the heels. |
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|
Term
| describe plantar flexion equinus. |
|
Definition
| toes are lower than heels |
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Term
| what are treatments for cellulitis? |
|
Definition
| oral or parenteral antibiotics, warm moist compress to the effected area, elevation of effected area. |
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|
Term
| what is the most common organism which is associated with impetigo? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common charcteristic finding with impetigo? |
|
Definition
| honey colored crust on the nose mouth and limbs |
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|
Term
| what is the treatment for impetigo? |
|
Definition
| antibiotics ( topical or systemic) |
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Term
| what medications are used to treat a tinea infection? |
|
Definition
| oral griseofulvin ( which should be taken with high in fat foods), oral ketoconazole, topical miconazole or clotrimazole. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what meds are used to treat scabies? |
|
Definition
| Permethrin 5% from neck to toes and leave on overnight. or sulfur 6% in petroleum or cold cream daily for 3 days |
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Term
| what is pediculosis capitis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you treat lice with? |
|
Definition
| pediculocides or wet combing if child is < 2 years old. |
|
|
Term
| what is oral candidiasis? |
|
Definition
| Common fungal infection more common as result of antibiotic therapy. May see with children with asthma who uses inhalers. |
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|
Term
| what are the three common causes of diaper dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| wettness, ph, fecal irritants. |
|
|
Term
| what is atopic dermatitis? |
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Definition
| eczema. chronic, superficial inflammatory skin disorder. |
|
|
Term
| what is a common treatment for atopical dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| corticosteriods which could be a low potency topical or oral. non steroidal creams can be used as early as 6 mo and on face. immunomodulators- tacrolimus |
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|
Term
| what is steven- johnson syndrome? |
|
Definition
| acute hypersensitivity syndrome to lamictal or bactrim. |
|
|
Term
| what ae some causes of diarrhea? |
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Definition
| emotional stress, infections, dietary, meds, toxins, entercolitis |
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|
Term
| with dehydration is the BUN up or down? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific term applied to disorders characterized by early onset of impaired movement and posture. |
|
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Term
| what are some causes or cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
| chorioamnionitis, shaken baby syndrome, prematurity, post natal bacterial meningitis, intrapartum asphyxia, severe hypoglycemia. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of cerebral palsy? |
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Definition
| spastic, dyskinetic/ atheloid, ataxic |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical signs of cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
| delayed motor development, early hand preference, abnormal or asymmetric crawl, walk on toes, poor coordination, feeding difficulties, persistent tongue thrust. |
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|
Term
| what are some common problems experienced with CP? |
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Definition
| constipation, poor bladder control and/or retention, resp infections, skin breakdown, GE reflux, pooor nutrition, growth failure, contractures, immobility |
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|
Term
| what are some skeletal muscle relaxants? |
|
Definition
| dantrolene (dantrium), methocarebamol (robaxin), baclofen (lioseral) |
|
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Term
| what are some warning signs od CP? |
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Definition
| poor head control or no smile by 3 months, stiff or rigid arms or legs, pushing away or arched back, floppy or limp body posture, cant sit up without support by 8 months, uses only one side of body or arms to crawl, feeding difficulties, tongue thrust after 6 months. |
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Term
| what is the number 2 cause of death in infants? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what medication should you be cautious with for med errors exspecially if you are giving more than 1 ml? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the o2 sat in the right side of the heart? what is it in the left? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if too much blood shunts to the right what must you fight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if too much blood shunts to the left? |
|
Definition
| blood bypasses the lungs and cyanosis can occur |
|
|
Term
| what is a vetricular spetal defect? |
|
Definition
| a hole between the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| what is a atrial spetal defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is atriaovetricular canal or endocardial cushion defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the o2 sat on the right side with an atrial spetal defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of a structure. |
|
|
Term
| what is pulmonic stenosis? |
|
Definition
| narrowing of the enterance to the pulmonary artery. |
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|
Term
| in pulmonic stenosis pressure increases in the _____________ and blood flow to the lungs is ___________. |
|
Definition
| right atrium, shunted to the left atrium. |
|
|
Term
| coarcharcation of the aorta is described as? |
|
Definition
| localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, which results in increased pressure proximal to the defect ( head and upper extremities) and decreased pressure distal to the obstruction ( body and lower extremities) |
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|
Term
| in patent ductus arteriosus there is a shunt to the _______and a/an ________ in pulmonaryblood flow. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what two structualdefects cause what two other in tetrology of fallot? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary stenosis causes right hypertrophy. VSD causes aortic override. |
|
|
Term
| what organisms can lead to UTI? |
|
Definition
| E.coli, klebsiella, proteus pseudomonas, staph aureus |
|
|
Term
| what are used to help treat UTI? |
|
Definition
| penicillins, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin. |
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