Term
| What type of memory has a conscious component? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of memory includes facts and events |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of memory is "knowing how" |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of memory is "knowing what" |
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Definition
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Term
| what is prosopagnosia? What part of the brain is damaged from this? |
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Definition
| Inability to recognize/associate faces. It is located on only one hemisphere. Defect in implicit memory. Found in fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37. |
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Term
| what is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| Aneterograde amnesia is loss of new memories from point of injury/insult. While retrograde amnesia is loss of old memories. |
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Term
| what is the process called where memory is stored in different parts of the brain other than its initial site of its encoding? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is a form of non declarative memory associated with the prefrontal cortex. perceptual identification of words and objects. It refers to activating particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out an action or task. |
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Term
| This neurotransmitter system only has neocortex axons that terminate in the frontal cortex |
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Definition
| dopamine system from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. |
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Term
| This neurotransmitter system is the only one that does that have axons that terminate in the thalamus |
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Definition
| dopamine system from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. |
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Term
| The cerebellum only has these neurotransmitter systems connected to it |
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Definition
1. Norepinephrine
2. Serotonin
3. Histamine |
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Term
| The only NT system that supplies the basal ganglia |
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Definition
| serotonin system from the raphe nuclei |
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Term
| The only two NT systems that supply the striatum |
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Definition
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Term
| What NT systems terminate in the spinal cord areas |
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Definition
| 1. Norephinephrine 2. Serotonin (pain modulation) 3. Histamine. |
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Term
| The more rostral part of the RAS is responsible for ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The more caudal part of the RAS is responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the modulatory functions of the RAS |
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Definition
1. modulates pain system
2. modulates forebrain and limbic system
3. conscious states |
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Term
| What is Hebb's postulate? |
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Definition
| Hebbian Learning: Connections between neurons increase in efficacy in proportion to the degree of correlation between pre- and post-synaptic activity.Hebb theorized that memory results from synaptic alterations. He believed there was an underlying metabolic growth and change which takes place from interactions between neurons. Two neurons could strengthen their interaction. |
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Term
| EEG monitors what kind of frequency in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of post synaptic potential does an EEG pick up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a disadvantage using EEG as a diagnostic tool? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many more inhibitory synapses are on dendrites than excitatory? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does an EPSP last? How long does an AP last? |
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Definition
| EPSP can last from 10 msec to 1 second. While an AP lasts 1msec. |
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Term
| Does an AP or EPSP have greater magnitude |
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Definition
| EPSP. B/c multiple EPSP can be summed. |
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Term
| What contributes to EPSP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the difference between irregular and synchronized EEG strips? |
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Definition
| Synchronized EEGs means that neurons are firing simultaneously and as a result each individual EPSP will overlap and their totals will be summed to form one large identifiable EEG waveform on our monitor. Versus irregular neurons not firing in synch will have smaller amplitudes because they cancel each other out so that the sum has no uniformed wave forms because the sum is canceled out do to a lack of synchrony. |
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Term
| What do you need to know about stage 2 sleep |
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Definition
| its where muscle spindles and k complexes occur. Typically 12-14 Hz. |
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Term
| What is the Hz for alpha waves |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Hz for beta waves |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Hz for theta waves |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hertz for Delta Waves |
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Definition
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Term
| what waves do you experience during REM sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which stage of sleep has more to do with declarative things |
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Definition
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Term
| which stage of sleep has more to do with being emotional or bizarre |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dreams do you typically remember the most? |
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Definition
| REM. These are the ones you have right before you wake up |
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Term
| Which dreams are long and drawn out, fits with old memories |
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Definition
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Term
| What cellular mechanisms change during REM? What nculei are active and which are not active? |
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Definition
Only active are cholinergic nuclei
Inactive
1. Locus coeruleus (NE)
2. Raphe Nuclei (Serotonin) |
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Term
| What cellular mechanisms have decrease activity during Stage 1-4 sleep? |
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Definition
1. Cholinergic
2. locus Coeruleus
3. Raphe Nuclei (Serotonin). |
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Term
| What cortical regions are activated during REM sleep? What areas are inactivated during REM sleep? |
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Definition
Activated:
1. Anterior cingulate cortex
2. Amygdala
3. Parahippocampal gyrus
Inactivated:
1. Posterior Cingulate Cortex
2. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Planning). |
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Term
| The limbic lobe is involved in |
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Definition
| The limbic lobe is involved in memory and learning, drive related behavior, and emotional function. |
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Term
| The limbic lobe is not a true lobe and is comprised of several cortical regions such as |
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Definition
| The limbic lobe is not a true lobe and is comprised of several cortical regions such as the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, some subcortical areas like the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and other areas with their respective ascending and descending connections |
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Term
| What is the corpus callosum |
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Definition
| The corpus callosum is a collection of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres. |
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Term
| The red nucleus and the substantia nigra, two prominent nuclei, are also found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The midbrain tectum is formed by two pairs of rounded structures known as? They are involved in? |
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Definition
| The midbrain tectum is formed by two pairs of rounded structures: the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory functions respectively. |
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Term
| what is the general change in amplitude and frequency between awake state and stage 4 sleep? why? |
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Definition
| As you fall deeper in sleep your frequency decreases and your amplitude increases due to the effect of synchronized neurons firing simultaneously and this results in a sum effect which has higher amplitudes. |
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Term
| Heart rate, temp and blood pressure is at its lowest during what stage of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lowest amount of neuronal activity is at what stage? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| explain difference in cholinergic activity and sleep/wake cycles |
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Definition
| More cholinergic activity during awake and REM sleep while less during nonREM sleep. |
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Term
| aminergic activity is at its greatest during what part of awake/sleep cycle? |
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Definition
| During AWAKE!! less aminergic activity during sleep and during REM. |
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Term
| What is the role of the locus coeruleus |
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Definition
| The nuclei of the locus coeruleus are located in the dorsal part of the pons, and their noradrenergic (NE) projections influence brain structures such as the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the cortex. The locus coeruleus is at its most active when an individual is awake and active. It is less active during calm wakefulness, even less active during non-REM sleep, and completely quiescent during REM sleep. |
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Term
| what stage of sleep is most common for sleep walkers? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are alpha waves present? |
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Definition
| present when you are awake with your eyes closed and are at a state of relaxation. |
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Term
| When are beta waves present in awake patient? |
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Definition
| In an awake person they are present in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort. |
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Term
| Can we see Gamma waves on an EEG |
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Definition
| not often because GAMMA waves are such high frequency they don't easily penetrate the brain skull or tissue. |
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Term
| What are gamma waves important for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens to delta sleep as your progress through the night? |
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Definition
| delta sleep decreases in duration until there is no delta sleep at all on your last cycle. |
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Term
| what is the difference in the amount of delta sleep and REM sleep? |
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Definition
| As you progress in your sleep cycles the amount of REM sleep increases while the amount of Delta sleep decreases |
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Term
| with slower dominant frequency the responsiveness to stimuli increases or decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| Give three examples of intrinsic oscillation mechanisms in the body/brain |
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Definition
1. SA node
2. Hypothalamus
3. Brain Stem |
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Term
| Destruction of the mamillary bodies results in? What causes this? |
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Definition
| desctruction of the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus results in profound memory loss. Often seen in alcoholics as a result of malnutrition and thiamine deficiency. Thats why alcoholics always have to write stuff down. |
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Term
| Tuberomammillary nucleus is located in the? Releases? |
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Definition
| posterior hypothalamus, releases histamine |
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Term
| Axons from the tuberomammillary nucleus terminate ? |
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Definition
1. cortex
2. thalamus
3. basal ganglia
4. basal forebrain
5. hypothalamus |
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Term
| How does VPLO and Orexin influence tuberomammillary nucleus? |
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Definition
Orexin stimulates tuberomammillary nucleus to release histamine. More histamine = more perception, memory and emotion.
VPLO inhibits the tuberomammillary nucleus . Results in sleep. |
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Term
| Adenosine stimulates what to cause sleepiness |
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Definition
| adenosine acts on the VPLO which then leads to inhibition of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Results in sleepiness. |
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Term
| Name the one modulatory NT that is found outside of the RAS? |
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Definition
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Term
| name four types of nondeclarative memory |
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Definition
1. priming
2. skills and habit
3. simple classical conditioning
4. Non associative learning |
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Term
| name the two types of declarative learning |
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Definition
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Term
| facts and events are stored where? 2x |
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Definition
| medial temporal lobe and diencephalon |
|
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Term
| where are skills and habits stored? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where are emotions stored |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does priming occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does skeletal muscle memory stored |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of nonassociative learning? Where do they occur |
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Definition
| two types of nonassociative learning are habituation and sensitizations. Occur in reflex pathways. |
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