Term
| Which two of Erickson's stages do children aged 2 to 5 years pass through? |
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Definition
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt and Industry vs. Guild |
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Term
| What does Erickson mean by "autonomy"? Give an example of a two-year-old showing autonomy. |
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Definition
| New period of budding selfhood. They want to decide for themselves and provide the child with suitable guidance and reasonable choices. |
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Term
| What does Erickson mean by "initiative"? What characteristics of preschoolers did Erickson see that show children's initiative at this age? |
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Definition
New sense of purposefulness.
- Eager to try new things
- Discovering what they can do
- Ask questions to gain new knowledge
- initiate interactiosn with peers, join in groups
- Conscience develops
- play allows children to try new things.
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Term
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Definition
| Close relationship/ bond that give a secure feeling. |
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Term
| What do 2-year-olds do that shows their attachment to a parent or teacher? |
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Definition
| They do not want to leave them. |
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Term
| How do 3-to-5-year-olds' attachments look different than those of younger children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is positive reinforcement? Give an example of a teacher or parent positively reinforcing a preschool child's behavior. |
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Definition
| is a technique used to increase desired behavior. |
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Term
| In addition to learning through positive reinforcement of their own behavior, in what other ways did Bandura think that children learn? Give an example from lab where you say Bandura's theory in action. |
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Definition
- Imitation
- Modeling
- Learn through watching others' experiences
- Children have an active role in their own learning
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Term
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Definition
| How we see ourselves. Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, values that a person believes defines who they are. |
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Term
| How would a 2-year-old describe themselves? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would a 3-to-5-year-old describe themselves? |
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Definition
| By name, physical appearance, possessions, everyday behavior, emotions and attitudes. |
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Term
| Where does self-concept come from? |
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Definition
- A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship fosters positive self-concept.
- Coonversations with adults, about things the child does and what they are good at, help children understand themselves
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Term
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Definition
| How we value ourselves and what we can do. Judgments about our own worth. Feelings associated with those judgments |
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Term
| Why might preschoolers rate their abilities high, even if they are not good at something? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are preschoolers learning in terms of understanding emotions and regulating their own emotions? |
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Definition
- Label and talk about feelings they have
- Respond to others' emotional signals
- Interpret and predict others' emotions
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Term
| What is a good way to help preschoolers overcome their fears? |
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Definition
| have them investigate the fears for themselves |
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Term
| What are the "self-conscious" emotions? Why do they not develop until age 2 or later? |
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Definition
| Pride, Shame, Guilt. They grow from self-awareness |
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Term
| What is empathy? What is sympathy? How are they different? How are they related? |
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Definition
Feeling with another person, basis for pro-social behavior and kindness
Feelings of concern or sorrow for another's situation, follows from empathy
Both are developing in preschoolers |
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Term
| What are some different types of social play found in preschoolers' interactions with peers? |
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Definition
- Preschoolers gin skill at interacting with peers - improves rapidly over preschool age.
- Start to see friendships develop during preschool years.
- Children also get better at solving social problems with peers.
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Term
| What is parallel play? What is associative play? What is cooperative play? Give an example of each in preschoolers. |
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Definition
Play near each other with similar materials.
Separate activities, but exchange toys/materials and comment on each others' activity
Play with a common goal, e.g. acting out a make-believe scenario together, building a tower together. |
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Term
| How do preschoolers move into cooperative play from nonsocial, solitary play? |
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Definition
Developmental sequence:
- Functional play: Simple repetitive movement with toys
- Constructive play: Creating or constructing something
- Make-Believe play: Acting out everyday and imaginary roles.
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Term
| What are ways that young children can develop socially through play with peers? |
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Definition
- Taking other's perspectives
- Understand others' feelings and regulate their own
- Negotiation and compromise
- Responde to others' feelings and ideas
- Explore and gain control of fearful situations
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Term
| How do preschoolers define friendships? |
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Definition
| Someone who likes you and someone you play with a lot |
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Term
| How do preschoolers' interactions with friends different from their interactions with other children who are not friends? |
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Definition
- Give twice as much positive reinforcement to each other,
- play together in more complex ways,
- are more cooperative with each other,
- and express more emotions to each other
- Argue more with each other, but are more likely to negotiate and work out the problem together, and continue interacting
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Term
| What skills are involved in social problem-solving? |
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Definition
- Empathy
- Noticing and interpreting social cues
- Understanding own social goals
- Thinking of possible strategies and solutions
- Knowledge of social rules and socail exceptions
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Term
| How can adults help children lean to solve social problems with peers? |
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Definition
- Approach quickly and calmly, stop any hurtful behavior
- Acknowledge feelings by making simple statements
- Gather information
- Restate the problem
- Ask for solutions and choose one together
- Give follow-up support
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Term
| What is proactive aggression? Give an example. |
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Definition
| To fulfill a need or desire |
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Term
| What is reactive aggression? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Angry aggressive response, meant to hurt another |
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Term
| What is relational aggression? Give an example. |
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Definition
| A form of agression that damages anoterh's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. |
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Term
| Name the four styles of child rearing outlined by Diana Baumrind. |
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Definition
- Authortitative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
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Term
| What are some things that adults can do to support social and emotional development in young children? |
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Definition
- Observe and respond to children’s cues
- Be responsive and form attachments
- Be respectful of each child’s individual characteristics
- Model prosocial behaviors
- Label emotions and support children’s reflection on their feelings
- Use authoritative and inductive discipline
- Minimize comparisons or competitions between children
- Model or scaffold children’s social conflict resolution
- Tune in to a child’s needs rather than their difficult behavior. Think about WHY they are doing this & how you can help them.
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