Term
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Definition
| the biological distinction between females and males. |
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the genitals, organs, used for reproduction. |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males. |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose bodies (incluseing genitals) have both female and male characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who feel they are one sex even thoughh biologically they are the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to someone of the same sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to someone of the same sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to people of both sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| no sexual attraction to people of either sex |
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Term
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Definition
| discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| the selling of sexual services. |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate termination of a pegnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society. |
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Term
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Definition
| a view that lables anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognized violation of culture norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of society's formally enacted criminal law. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal response by police, courts, and prision officials to alleged violations of the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from others respond to those actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity. |
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Term
| Medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| crime commited by people of high social position in the course of their occupations. |
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Term
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Definition
| the illegal actions of a corporation or people acing on its behalf. |
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Term
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Definition
| a business supplying illegal good or services. |
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Term
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Definition
| a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias. |
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Term
| Crimes against the person |
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Definition
| (violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others. |
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Term
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Definition
| (property crimes) crimes that invole thef of property belonging to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| violations of law in which there are no obvious victims. |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a chare in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea. |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of maral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution. |
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Term
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Definition
| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. |
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Term
| Community-based corrections |
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Definition
| correctional programs operating eithin society at large rather than behind prison walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in position within the social hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| social stratification based on ascription, or birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement. |
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Term
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Definition
| social statification based on personal merit. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimension of social inequality. |
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Term
| Structural social mobility |
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Definition
| a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society than to individual efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assertion that social statification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in persuit of profits. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits. |
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Term
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Definition
| working people whosell their labor for wages. |
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Term
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Definition
| the experiences of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| lower-prestige jobs that invole mosty manual labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity. |
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Term
| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality. |
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Term
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Definition
| buying and using products with an eye to the "statment"they make about social position. |
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Term
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Definition
| earnings from work or investments. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total value of money and other assests, minus outstanding debts. |
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Term
| Intragenerational social mobilty |
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Definition
| a change in social position occuring suring a person's life time. |
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Term
| Intergenerational social mobility |
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Definition
| upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| the depirvartion of some people in relation to those who have mote. |
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Term
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Definition
| a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor. |
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