Term
| Are a collection of people who interact frequently, share a sense of belonging and have a feeling of interdependancy. |
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| Same place at teh same time. forming a colelction from seperate parts. example, airline people, shoppers waiting at a stoplight. |
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| Share a similar characteristics. Example. Students, The Elderly, Native Americans. |
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| Emotion based interaction over an extended peiriod of time according to Cooley. |
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| Impersonal goal opriented relationships for a limited period of time according to Cooley. |
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| Groups to which a person belongs and feels a sense of identity according to Sunner |
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| Group to which a person doesnt belong and feels a sense of hostilitiy according to sunner |
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| The process of learning how to perform a role attached to a status we do not yet occupy. ex, qunicenera |
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Definition
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Term
| Influences a person’s behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member. We may act more like members of a group we want to join than members of groups to which we already belong. They are a source of antcicipatory socialization. |
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| group conposed of two members |
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| group composed of three members |
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| Highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals |
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| Leader who is most appropriate when the group’s purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal. |
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| Leader who is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed. |
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| Leader who is often criticized for fostering intergroup hostility |
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| Leader who is praised for supportive behavior and blamed for being indecisive in a crisis |
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| Leader who does not provide active leadership. |
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| Did Research that forced people to pick the line he wanted even though it was wrong |
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| A type of organization we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige |
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| A type of organization Associations people are forced to join. (Example: boot camps and prisons) |
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| Organizations we join voluntarily when they can provide us with a material reward. |
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Term
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs: examples include
drinking too much, robbing a bank,laughing at a funeral |
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Term
Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.
2 Types |
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Definition
Social Control
Internal and External Social Control |
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Term
| Social Contral that takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives. |
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Term
| Social control that involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers. |
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Term
| Devience servces three funtions? |
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Definition
1)Deviance clarifies rules.
2)Deviance unites a group.
3)Deviance promotes social change. |
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Term
| According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Accepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Accepts approved goals; uses disapproved means. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Abandons society’s goals; conforms to approved means. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Abandons approved goals and approved means. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Merton's theory of deviance, when they Challenges approved goals and approved means. |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory when Deviance occurs when approved means of reaching approved goals is blocked. |
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Term
| Theory When Lower-class delinquents subscribe to middleclass values they can’t attain. They may achieve goals illegitimately |
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Term
| Theory when When ties to family and friends are weak, individuals are likely to engage in criminal behavior. |
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Definition
| Social control / Social Bonding |
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Term
| When Deviant behavior is learned in interaction with others. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acts are deviant because they have been labeled as such. |
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Term
| A person accepts the “deviant” label and continues to engage in “deviant” behavior theory |
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Term
| The powerful use the criminal justice system to protect their interests. |
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Term
| Feminist Approach when deviance arises from discrimination. |
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Term
| Feminist approach that focuses on patriarchy |
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Definition
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Term
| Feminist approach that focuses on capitalism and patriarchy |
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Definition
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Term
| Power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. Example: In prisons, methods of surveillance make prisoners think they are being watched all the time, giving officials a form of power over the inmates. |
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Term
| a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death. |
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Definition
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Term
| a minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail. |
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Term
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Definition
1) conventional (street) crime
2) occupational (white-collar) and
3) corporate crime
4) organized crime
5) political crime |
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Term
| the punishment should fit the crime. |
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Term
| restrict offenders so they can’t commit further crimes. |
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Term
| Hierarchy of social groups based on control over .... |
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Term
| System in whitch boundaries between hierarchies may be influenced by people’s achieved statuses. |
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Term
| System in which boundaries between hierarchies are rigid, people’s positions are set by ascribed status. |
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Term
Status is determined at birth based on parents’ ascribed characteristics.grow weaker as societies industrialize.
can remain for hundreds of years after they are “officially” abolished. |
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Definition
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Term
| type of stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work people do. Movement is Horizontal and Vertical |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| movement up or down the class structure is. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low-income, less developed countries can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Poor nations are trapped in a cycle of dependency on richer nations. |
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Definition
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Term
| wages, salaries, government aid, and property |
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Definition
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Term
| value of economic assets, including income and property |
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Definition
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Term
| Marxian Criteria for Class Success |
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Definition
Ownership of the means of production.
Employing others.
Supervising others on the job.
Being employed by someone else. |
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Term
| comprised of people who own substantial income-producing assets |
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Term
| based on university degrees, authority on the job, and high income. |
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Term
| a minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree. |
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Term
| semiskilled workers, in routine, mechanized jobs, and workers in pink collar occupations. |
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Term
| live just above to just below the poverty line |
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Term
| people who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation. |
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Term
| those who have inherited fortunes, own corporations, are corporate executives who control company investments. |
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Term
| upper-level managers and lower-level managers who may have control over employment practices. |
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Term
| small business owners, craftspeople, and professionals who hire a few employees and do their own work. |
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Term
| blue-collar workers and white-collar workers who do not own the means of production. |
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Definition
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Term
| poverty exists when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life. |
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Definition
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Term
| poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living. |
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Definition
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Term
| a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes. |
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Term
| group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society. |
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Term
| one whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. |
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Term
| A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard. |
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Definition
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Term
| are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group. |
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Definition
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Term
| States that people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others. |
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Definition
| Frustration–aggression hypothesis |
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Term
| Characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking. |
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Definition
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Term
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Definition
1)Isolate Discrimnation
2) Small Group Discriminaiton
3) Direct institutionalized discrimination
4) Indirect institutionalized discrimination |
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Term
| Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping. |
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Definition
| Indirect institutionalized discrimination |
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Term
| Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations. |
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Definition
| Direct institutionalized discrimination |
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Term
| Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office with racist epithets |
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Definition
| Small-group discrimination |
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Term
| A prejudiced judge giving harsher sentences to African American defendants. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Contact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members:
Have equal status.
Pursue the same goals.
Cooperate with one another to achieve goals.
Receive positive feedback while interacting. |
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Term
| A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. |
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Definition
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Term
| The coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society. |
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Definition
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Term
| Perspective in which views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society. |
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Definition
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Term
| Perspective thatemphasize the role of the capitalist class in racial exploitation |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the control of the dominant group. |
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Definition
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Term
| The division of the economy into a primary sector composed of higher paid workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector of lower-paid workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
The belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people.
The belief that interest convergence is a crucial factor in bringing about social change |
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Definition
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Term
| Most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of income, employment, housing, and nutrition |
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Definition
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