- TEETH: molar size increases, premolars grind instead of shear

- FACE: reduction in prognathism and development of cheek bones

- BRAIN: increase in size and perhaps internal reorganization

The concept that major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages, not all at once, and that the rates of evolution vary from one system to another.

I.E., in Homonid evolution, the dental system, locomotor system and neurological system evolved at different rates

Skeletal changes resulting from Bipedalism

Arms shorten, pelvis moves, foramen magnum shifts, feet develop arches, big toe alligns with rest of foot, knees can lock, joints change, curve of spine changes, hands get smaller, valgus angle changes

Stabalization: Reduction of arm/chest muscles, knees, feet and core get stronger.

Weaker in general, heart strengthens to pump blood upward

"Criminal Types"

When biological populations become physically isolated and evolve so that if the barrier breaks down individuals of what used to be the same populations can no longer interbreed.

A common method by which new species arise.

MAOA Gene

- What sort of weapon was used

- When the injury happened

- If they healed, died immediately, or if the injury occured post mortum

- Face to face confrontation VS. group violence/warfare at a distance.

Faunal Dating

A method of relative dating based on observing the evolutionary changes in particular species of mammals, so as to form a rough chronological sequence

Argues that there are genes that code for ALL behaviors- natural selection works on the brain too

Founder: E.O. Wilson

-Raymond Darte

-20's and 30's

- Violence is inherent, "confirmed killers"

-Jane Goodall's research site

-Chimp population reached carrying capacity, split in half and went North and South

-N. group begins acting violently towards the S. group

- Southern group eventually gets killed off entirely.

The evolution of species involving a change in gene frequency in an entire population rather than a branching event.

The ENTIRE population is different from the ancestral population such that the ancestral population can be considered extinct

Two Types of Primates

- Cores and flakes

- Found with Louis Leakey's discovery Homo Habilis in Oldowai gorge

An evolutionary "branching" event in which  an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution lead to the development of a greater variety of sister organisms.

Usu. occurs  when a few organisms end up in a new area or environmental changes cause extinctions, opening up niches for survivors

- Carrying objects

-Hunting

-Male Provisioning

-Feeding from Bushes

-Viewing landscape for predators

-Energy efficiency

-Relief from heat stress

-Unilinear economic development; stages

- Done in name of civilization- countries "need" development.

Peasant -> Proletariat

Archaeologists study ____________.

Historical archaeologists study ____________.

Artifacts, objects and remains.

History of words, laws, controlls.

How the law and judicial systems serve to MAINTAIN and EXPAND the powers of the dominant class; Laws are not there to protect the marginal and less important people.

I.E. Toobin! Supreme court justices in for life, serve interests of their own class.

Generally agreed upon or unwritten laws learned unconsciously through socialization; Maintain conformity

I.E. Standing in line, not dating a friends ex, etc.

Gated, controlled communities

Hotels in vegas

"realer than real" reality TV

"Authentic Mexican Food"/ Restaurants

The way you combine things

I.E. courses of a meal, their order

Think syntax!

Looks at how humans and environment exert pressure on each other

Weakness: ignores historical factors

Strengths: Interested in balanced relationships between humans and environment

Whats prepared at home

Everyday, domestic cookery w/ regional variation

Strengths: ethnographic/historical methods of research

Looks at food as an abstraction that embodies idealogical meaning

Religion!

Strengths: highlights how food marks social relations, hierarchies, gender relations, class, race, power relations

Outline world-wide food crops and products, dietary selection

Weakness: good at the village, household, individual level, but not higher

Strengths: food patterns emerge in the initial stages of research

Anthropological knowledge used to solve problems

Strenths: Relationship between culture and diet.

Semiotics is _________

Define Symbol, Indexical and Iconical

The study of signs

Symbols: Words or gestures, I.E. a wink

Iconical: Resemblers, I.E. picture, flag

Indexical: Causal connections, I.E. smoke = fire, A1= Steak

Includes focus on thought and background

Interested in total cookery complex, looks at food taboos and attitudes

Strengths- prep of food, psychology, social functions

Comprehensive, Interdisciplinary Approach; French Annales School

Strengths: interdisciplinary, archaeology, history, oral history, linguistics

Interested in finding how food satisfies social needs

Weakness: ahistorical, ignores cultural-ecology, cultural history

Strengths: Contemporary uses of food and looks at nonnutritive and economic uses of food

Interested in the construction and distribution of meaning

Weakness: can be ahistorical

Strengths: Political, questions status quo and how meanings perpetuate the interests of power groups

Considered to be environmental determinism; looks at causal factors between culture, health, environment

Weakness: ignores human beings/ historical factors

Strengths: dietary patterns are the result of environmental factors

Item/idea is brought to a culture through a 3rd party (trade)

First and final cultures are never in direct contact

-Culture

-Biology

-Linguistics

-Archaeology

When you substitute one thing for another

I.E. Romantic meal, messy foods --> clean foods

When you borrow something and change it to fit your cultural system

Consists of the attempt to reconcile contradictory beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of though. Occurs commonly in literature, music, art, food etc.

When two very close cultures fight, trade, intermarry, take ideas

Direct contact

Tries to uncover the rules and norms that govern the production of meaning

Analytical, not evaluative methods.

Weakness: Ahistorical

Strength: Uncovers structures that construct meaning and the consciousness of the universal mind by analyzing cultural practices

Five forms of social controls

- Norms

-Laws

-Consequences

-Punishments

- Survailors

Societies have particular structures to maintain conformity/harmony

I.E. court, education, medical systems, etc.

Used to impose power, maintain the order of everyday life

Maintain and expand the power of the dominant group

-Coop the dissenters

-Shut down the dissenters

-Ignore the dissenters (they don't exist)

Material conditions are prime movers; Observable behavior

Rozin

Marvin Harris

Cognitive theories, Ideas

Levi Strauss

Mary Douglass

Don't know what they're capable of

Motivational factor (Grade, social status, etc.)

Colonialization

-Conquring people, putting them to work, ending up with products

Began approx 5 centuries ago

External: A removed person

Internal: controlling each other; gossip, ostracization; beliefs, values, religion

Humans evolved more or less simultaneously across the entire old world from several ancestral populations

Rapid Replacement Model (AKA "Out of Africa")

The study of ancient humans

Multidisciplinary- anthropology, geology, paleontology and paleoecology (ancient environments)

1. Finding fossil remains of homonids

2. Dating those remains

3. Putting the remains in an ecological or social context

4. Reconstructing the ancient environment the ancestors lived in

Fossil provenience

Study of fossil pollen

Can provide info about the plant environment, I.E. rainforest or savanna?

The study of the sequential layering of earth deposits. Older remains are deeper than new ones.

Problem: Earth disturbances shift layers

Using index fossils of other organisms with know dates to date fossils. I.E. Dating a homonid with a nearby fossil antelope species that we know existed at a certain time

Problem: Earth disturbances

The longer bone is buried, the more fluorine it will accumulate through groundwater seepage; can then be compared with other bones in the area to determine whether it's older or younger

Problem: bones must be from the same location, amount of fluorine in environment can vary

The element carbon, present in living organisms, decays at a known rate once the organism dies

Problem: only dates remains up to 50,000 years old, material can be contaminated

Radioactive potassium (found in volcanic rock) decays into stable argon gas, allowing a date to be assigned to a fossil buried between layers of volcanic rock.

Problems: Large margins of error

Ar/Ar dating slightly more accurate

Can measure the number of electrons that have become traped in crystalline materials at a regular rate.

Problems: Age range 60,000 to 1 million years; can work on tooth enamel or shell, but not on bone

When two cultures that have never met are developing similarly at the same time

I.E. pyramids in Egypt and South America, Agricultural revolution, Language/writing, calenders

Cultural anthropologists have claimed that cultures accept or borrow cultural elements from another culture based on the following selective conditions:

a. _______

b. _______

c. _______

a. Usefulness

b. desireablitly

c. appropriateness

Cultural borrowing

Hegemony

a. cultural imperialism

b. exploitation of the colonized

c. a belief that the colonizer is superior to the colonized

d. violence in an attempt to gain control over the colonized

Influence on Darwin

Essay on population, wrote that human population expands exponentially while food and resources stay the same. Therefore, there is constant competition to survive

Discovered the partial skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus and fossils of Ardipithecus kadabba.

Middle Awash research group

Etheopian

American Paleoanthropologist

Coleader of Middle Awash Research Group

Berkeley

Kenyan Paleontologist

National museums of Kenya

Influenced Darwin

Principle of Uniformitarianism; "Principles of Geology"

Argued that the earth had a long history, rejected catastrophic explanations

Influenced Darwin

Explains fossil record with catastrophism; extinction

Opponent of evolution, religious

British born illustrator and self trained paleontologist

Found the skull of Zinj in 1959 in Olduwai, Tanzania

Anatomist and paleontologist

discovered the first fossils of a hominid, Java Man, in 1890

Believed universe and nature are dynamic and that species have changed over time

dynamic relationship between organisms and their environment

established E. Africa as a critical place for finding human ancestors

codiscoverer of Zinj in 1959

French paleontologist

discovered fossils of Millennium Man in the Tugen hills

Team discovered fossils of ramapithecus in pakistan

Father of Taxonomy

Grouped things into categories to construct a natural classification

Influenced Darwin

Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

Organisms change to adapt to changing environmental circumstances

Discovered Lucy in 1974

ASU!!!!!

Noted variation among plants and animals

defined concept of species

species were created by God and never changed

Lyles Uniformity Principle

1 __________

2 __________

3 __________

1. Uniformity principle- past geological events must be explained by the same causes now in operation

2. Uniformity of rate principle- geographical laws operate w/same force as at present

3. Steady-state principle- earth does not undergo any directional change

Major factors leading to variation in skeletal anatomy...

1. _________

2. _________

3. _________

4. _________

1. Ontogeny (Growth)

2. the sex of the individual

3. geographic or population based

4. anatomy

Scientific Method

- Ask a question/ do background research

- Form a hypothesis

- Test your hypothesis through an experiment/research/observations

- Analyze your data/ draw a conclusion

- Communicate your results; was your hypothesis correct?

 Five Subtheories that comprise Darwins Theory of Evolution

1. Descent with modification: world is ancient and steadily changing

2. Multiplication of species: Species multiply through time by splitting into daughter species

3. Single common ancestor: all life on earth had a single common ancestor

4. Gradualism: Evolutionary change takes place through gradual modification; there is no sudden production of entirely new types

5. Natural Selection: Better adaptation = reproductive success = perpetuation of organisms of those qualities

- Variation and similarity within and among species

- Extinction of species

- Adaptation

- population growth and the struggle for existence

- uniformitarianism

Ardipithecus ramidus

Dates:

Traits:

"Root Ape"

Ethiopia

Dates: 4.4 MYA

Traits: Proposed as earliest known hominid; primitive baby molar; possible evidence of upright walking; forward positioned formen magnum

Australopithecus anamensis

Dates:

Traits:

Kenya 

Dates: 4.2- 3.9 MYA

Traits: Shinbone shows upright walking, aboreal climbling?; Thick tooth enamel= harder food items;  Extreme prognathism

Australopithecus afarensis

Dates:

Traits:

"Lucy"

Ethiopia

Dates: 4.2-2.5 MYA

Traits: Earliest member of human family for 20 years; small brain, yet walked upright; large canines AND molars, prognathic face, low, flat forehead, large brows and low-vaulted braincase

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Dates:

Traits:

"Abel"

Chad

Dates: 3.5-3.0 MYA

Traits: First fossil of early homoinid from central Africa, which proves hominids already ranged beyond eastern Africa; Bipedal (assumed)

Australopithecus africanus

Dates:

Traits:

"Taung Baby"

South Africa

Dates: 3.5- 2.5 MYA

Traits: Relatively small brain with big forebrain, walked upright, prognathic face, lacks sagittal crest, low, flat forehead, low-vaulted braincase

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Dates:

Traits:

Omo

Dates: 2.7-2.3 MYA

Traits: Sagittal crest, low forehead, extreme prognathism, grinding teeth, bipedalism

Paranthropus boisei

Dates:

Traits:

"Zinj"/ "Nutcracker Man"

Tanzania

Dates: 2.3- 1.3 MYA

Traits: First member of human family found in Eastern Africa, Bipedal, longer arms and shorter legs than moder humans, small incisors/canines, huge grinding teeth, sagittal crest, low forehead, low-vaulted braincase

Paranthropus robustus

Dates:

Traits:

Dates: 2.0- 1.0 MYA

 Traits: Wide, flat, dished face; sagittal crest; low, flat forehead; low-vaulted braincase; large grinding teeth; human life big toes; bipedalism

Homo habilis

Dates:

Traits:

"Handyman"

Tanzania

 Dates: 2.0- 1.6 MYA

Traits: First direct ancestor of humans found in eastern Africs. Showed increase in brain size and smaller chewing molars that australopithecines; somewhat prognathic face; no sagittal crest; narrower grinding teeth thatn H. rudolfensis; bipedal; FIRST TOOLMAKER; no speech yet; some believe its a more direct ancestor than H. rudolfensis

Homo rudolfensis

Dates:

Traits:

Dates: 2.4- 1.6 MYA

Traits: Flat face, no brow ridge or sagittal crest; broader grinding teeth that H. habilis; feet more like those of later humans than H. habilis; bipedal; more specialized than H. habilis

Homo erectus

Dates:

Traits:

"Java Man" "Peking Man"

Dates: 1.9 MYA- 27,000 yBP

Traits: First fossil of early hominid, suggested Asian origin for humankind; Acheulean tools; bipedal; hunter-gatherers; sagittal keeling, large brow ridges, long and low-vaulted braincase

Homo heidelbergensis

Dates:

Traits:

Zambia 

Dates: 800,000- 100,000 yBP

Traits: Higher cranial vault; less prognathic face; similar but smaller teeth to H. erectus; modern arm and leg proportions; bipedal;

Homo neanderthalensis

Dates:

Traits:

Dates: 300,000- 30,000 yBP

Traits: large nose, midfacial prognathism, large incisors, lack of chin; robust and stocky, short legs, powerful hands, bipedal; ranged throughout Europe, DID NOT GIVE RISE TO MODERN HUMANS, could probablly talk, practice religion/ritual, maybe art and music, buried dead

Homo sapiens

Dates:

Traits:

Dates: 130,000 yBP- present

Traits: Early H. sapiens (cro magnon) found in cave in 1868, relatively long legs and short arms overall, body varies with climactic conditions, omnivorous, smaller front and rear teeth, lightly built jaws, definite chin, high vaulted globular skull, small brows, high forehead, little facial prognathism