Term
| Systems of the Earth 6 parts |
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Definition
1)Atmosphere
2)Biosphere
3)Hydrosphere
4)Lithosphere
5)Mantle
6)Core |
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Definition
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Found layers of Strata, Fossils
Able to use that to predict what and how to dig |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the scientific method? 4 parts |
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Definition
| Observation/Hypothesis/Theory/Law |
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Term
| 4 forces at the beginning of the universe, list them |
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Definition
1)Gravity (attracts together)
2)Electromagnetic Force (binds atoms into molecules)
3)Strong nuclear Force (combines protons and neutrons)
4)Weak nuclear Force(breakdowns nucleus, radioactive decay) |
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Term
What two elements made up most of the earth in the beginning?
What are the percentages now?
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Definition
Hydrogen-76%
Helium-24%
Hydrogen- 70%
Helium-28%
Others-2% |
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Term
| The belt is beyond neptune, it contains . |
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Definition
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Term
| The belt is located between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. |
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Definition
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Term
| How old are the oldest rocks on earth estimated to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| How old is the earth estimated to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the inner core solid or liquid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the outer core solid or liquid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the layers of the earth starting from the core? 4 parts |
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Definition
1)inner core
2)outer core
3)mantle
4)crust |
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Term
What are the 3 layers after the mantle going towards the crust?
What are the 3 areas located in the Lithosphere?
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Definition
1)Lower mantle
2)Asthenosphere
3)Lithosphere
1)Upper Mantle
2)Continental Crust
3)Oceanic Crust |
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Term
| the origin of our solar system involves the condensation and collapse of interstellar material in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. What is this theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the condensation process, gaseous, liquid and solid particles began accreting into ever larger masses called: |
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Definition
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Term
-Makes up 16% of the earth
-10-13 g/cm^3
-Iron/Nickel
-Inner/Outer
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Definition
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Term
-makes up 83% of the earth
-3.3-5.7 g/cm^3
-peridotite (Fe,Mg)
-Lower mantle (solid) |
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Definition
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Term
This part of the earth has plastic/flows slowly
Partial melting allows magma to rise |
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Definition
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Term
-makes up 1% of the earth
-Lithosphere
-tectonic plates
-interaction between plates
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Definition
| Upper Mantle/Overlying Crust |
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Term
20-90km thick
Si+Al
Which crust is this? |
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Definition
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Term
5-10km thick
Si+Fe+Mg
Which crust is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| A principle holding that we can interpret past events by understanding present-day processes, based on the idea that natural processes have always operated as they do now: |
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Definition
| Principle of Uniformitarianism |
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Term
| Theory holding that lithospheric plates move with respect to one another at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries: |
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Definition
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Term
| Theory holding that all living things are related and that they descended with modification from organisms that lived during the past: |
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Definition
| Thoery of evolution (organic evolution) |
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Term
| a chart arranged so that the designation for the earliest part of geologic time appears at the bottom, followed upward by progressively younger time designations: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the super continent? |
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Definition
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Term
| This plant was found in the Permian Age in the Southern Continents(Gondwana): |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the cluster of southern continents called? |
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Definition
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Term
| German meteorologist who proposed "The Continental Drift" process in 1912 |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that all continents were once joined into a single landmass that broke apart, with the various fragments(continents) moving with respect to one another: |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas/continents made up the Southern Continents/Gondwana? 5 parts |
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Definition
1)South America
2)Africa
3)India
4)Australia
5)Antarctica |
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Term
| Was discovered by dating and determining the orientation of the remanent magnetism in lava flows on land: |
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Definition
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Term
| Any change, such as the average strength, in Earth's magnetic field: |
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Definition
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Term
| The phenomenon involving the origin of new oceanic crust at spreading ridges that then moves away from ridges and is eventually consumed at subduction zones: |
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Definition
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Term
| Who mapped the floor of the ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of circulation of material in the asthenosphere during which hot material rises, moves laterally, cools and sinks, then is reheated and continues the cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Localized zone of melting below the lithosphere;detected by volcanism at the surface (Hawaiin Islands) |
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Definition
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Term
| How many major plates are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs where plates are separating and new oceanic lithosphere is forming (spreading ridges): |
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Definition
| Divergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| A divergent plate boundary can be and . |
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Definition
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Term
| The Mid Atlantic Ridge and the East African Rift Valley are examples of a plate boundary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basalt and rhyolite are commonly found in plate boundaries. Andesite is never found. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where two plates collide and the leading edge of one plate descends beneath the margin of the other plate by a process known as subduction: |
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Definition
| Convergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| Oceanic/Oceanic plates, Oceanic/Continental plates and Continental/Continental plates are examples of plate boundaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Aleutian Islands, Andes Mountains and the Himalayas are examples of: |
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Definition
| Convergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| Andesite and Minor are commonly found in plate boundaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| These mostly occur along fractures in the sea floor known as transform faults whre plates slide laterally past one another, roughly parallel to the direction of plate movement: |
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Definition
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Term
| The San Andreas Fault is an example of a plate boundary. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sequences of rock on land consisting of deep-sea sediments, oceanic crust, and upper mantle. Used to recognize ancient convergent plate boundaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1869 this man documented his journey down the river in the Grand Canyon: |
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Definition
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Term
| Placing geologic events in a sequential order as determined from their positions in the geologic record: |
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Definition
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Term
| Provides specific dates for rock units or events expressed in years before the present: |
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Definition
| Numerical dating (radiometric/absolute) |
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Term
| Scholar from Ireland who believed God created Earth on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC. |
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Definition
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Term
| A french zoologist believed Earth gradually cooled to its present condition from a molten beginning.Earth was at least 75,000 years old. |
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Term
| Irish geologist who measured the amount of salt currently in world's streams. Believed earth was 90,000,000 years old. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scottish geologist who came up with the Principle of Uniformitarianism. Founder of modern geology. Erosion. Estimated the earth to be very old. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wrote the book "Principles of Geology". Influential on Darwins theory of evolution. Established uniform as the guiding principle of Geology. |
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Definition
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Term
| English physicist who believed Earth has been gradually losing heat. Measured heat loss he could determine age. Earth is no older then 400 million years and no younger then 20 million years. |
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Definition
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Term
| This principle was the basis for relative age determinations of strata and their contained fossils |
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Definition
| Principle of Superposition |
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Term
| This principle says sedimentary particles settle from water under the influence of gravity, sediment is deposited in essentially horizontal layers; |
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Definition
| Principle of Original Horizontality |
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Term
| This principle says sediment extends laterally in all directions until it thins and pinches out, or terminates, against the edge of the depositional basin: |
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Definition
| Principle of Lateral Continuity |
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Term
| This principle says an igneous intrusion or a fault must be younger than the rock it intrudes or displaces (Hutton) |
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Definition
| Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships |
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Term
| This principle says inclusions/fragments in a body of rock must be older than the rock itself: |
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Definition
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Term
| This principle says fossil assemblages (groups of fossils) succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order (Law of Faunal Succession): |
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Definition
| Principle of Fossil Succession |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Radioactive Decay? |
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Definition
| Alpha/Beta/Electron Capture |
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Term
| When an unstable parent nucleus emits two protons and two neutrons: |
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Definition
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Term
| When an electron is emitted from a neutron in the nucleus (into a proton) |
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Definition
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Term
| When a proton captures an electron and is thereby converted to a neutron: |
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Definition
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Term
| atom will convert to a atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neither parent nor daughter atoms have been added or removed from the system since crystallization and that ratio between them results only from radioactive decay, is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Dates samples ranging from only a few hundreds of millions of years old, is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on the ratio of Carbon 14 to carbon 12 and is generally used to date once-living material (Tree Rings), is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Uranium/Lead dates back to how many years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Time it takes for half of parent atom to convert to daughter atom is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Naturally occuring, inorganic, crystalline solids, with a narrowly defined chemical composition and distinctive physical properties is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 states of matter? |
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Definition
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Term
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its:
(number over top in periodic table)
(in writing form the number is to the right and below) |
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Definition
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Term
This number is found by adding the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus:
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Definition
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Term
| bonding is when electrons are donated/received. |
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Definition
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Term
| bonding is when atoms share electrons. |
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Definition
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