Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The objectives of anthro include |
|
Definition
how people live
what materials they use
meaning behind actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Values- what somebody considers important
Convenience- how they get messages across and how one communicates values
Symbols- something that represents something else, that something can be anything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a specific group of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The definition or concept. All of the cultures human culture. Patterns we see by observing the little cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of human society. All human societies are based on kinship. Specific to group of people. Usually defined through relationship or marriage. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four subfields on anthropology? |
|
Definition
1. archeology- study of past cultures through material remains
2. Linguistic- study of how languages comes about and also how it is used.
3. Physical- human body, skeletal system, and artifacts
4. Cultural- study of modern people, current cultures. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps to anthropological research? |
|
Definition
1. Formulation
2. Data collection
3. Analysis and interpretation
4. Conclusion and reformulation
5. Presentation |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in Formulation? |
|
Definition
| who you study and what you want to know. To do this you will need background and research purpose also need to learn the language of where you are going |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in Data Collection? |
|
Definition
| in the field travel to location. Live with or near the community. |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in Analysis and interpretation? |
|
Definition
| use data to accomplish this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formulation
Data collection
Analysis and interpretation
Conclusion and reformulation
Presentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culture bias. Belief that your culture is superior to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed by Franz Boas. It is the idea that cultures should not be compared to one another on other beliefs. Cannot judge somebody by somebody elses standards. All cultures are of equal value and need to be studied from neutral point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insiders, natives, what they think happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anthros participate as much as possible to do them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what your suppose to do in a given situation. What your society tells you to do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you go to a new society and have a hard time adjusting. Anthros can experience this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Book from study, in our case the book of the Ju. Description of a culture, usually based on the method of participant observation. A complete on tackles all issues that can be tackled that is a holistic ethnography. In the book Lee writes about all subjects. But some anthros do focused ethnos on one aspect, say economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No dimension of culture can be understood in isolation, cultures are integrated wholes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideally everyone participates in the? |
|
Definition
| Government or nation state they live in. Still groups may organize in smaller unites with soci-political structures seperate from the nation state. |
|
|
Term
| What governs every day life? |
|
Definition
| Traditional social organization |
|
|
Term
| What are the four different types of political organization? |
|
Definition
1. Social organization
2. Political organization
3. Economic organization
4. Ideology |
|
|
Term
| What does social organization involve? |
|
Definition
| How do people group themselves? |
|
|
Term
| What does political organization involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does economic organization involve? |
|
Definition
| What does economy mean in anthropology? |
|
|
Term
| What does ideology involve? |
|
Definition
| What is their religious organization like? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the book we are studying they are band. These societies are small in size 20 to 30 people and not usually exceeding 100. |
|
|
Term
| Band's social organization |
|
Definition
| How they group themselves is done by age, sex, family. Family is first for how they define themselves. Besides that age grades, elder, young adults, parents. There is no statues everyone is equal. |
|
|
Term
| Band's political organization |
|
Definition
| Yes conflict, but no leaders. Different ways to settle disputes. Everything decided on group bases. Religious leaders are often healers. |
|
|
Term
| Band's economic organization |
|
Definition
| Jobs- hunters and gatherers. Men hunt and women gather. Childcare is done by the women. Duty is shared with the women. There is no status all jobs are equal. They are egalitarian meaning no leader. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| World around them. Animism-belief in nature. Guides people. Other objects or even inanimate can have life. God's deities of different aspect of nature and equal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small groups. A couple of families. Portable items, mobile temporary homes. |
|
|
Term
| Times of good harvest bands will meet with other bands when? |
|
Definition
| Many resources are available then they will separate until season returns. |
|
|
Term
| Bands material culture is also? |
|
Definition
| Portable. Weapons, what they make. Half prepatory knives for cooking and items for cooking. Can have horse or dogs. Have personal items beads.Baskets primary way of carrying, animal skins for cloths traditionally. All stuff is light and portable. |
|
|
Term
| Bands make their items for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Versatile of all. Permanent housing, have bigger size. |
|
|
Term
| Tribe's social organization |
|
Definition
| Family, age, sex but also job specializations. |
|
|
Term
| Tribe's political organization |
|
Definition
| Have at least one leader. He is an advisor, assigns rules, designates jobs and they vary of power in tribe. Leader also organizes warfare. |
|
|
Term
| Tribe's economic organization |
|
Definition
| Can have status. Farming, agriculture, planting and plowing. Some horticulture. Do not necessarily farm but grow wild plants. Some might have marine environment. Pastoralist raising livestock and cattle. Not usually classes. Only class would be political/social relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Still nature, wider variety still have animism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permanently but they cans still have mobile hunting camps but one main home. |
|
|
Term
| Tribes material culture consists of everything as bands such as |
|
Definition
| clay cooking pots, usually made of pottery, used to store food. farming tools, figures idols. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hut (community serves purpose.) Wall for fencing. Food storage. Place to bury dead. |
|
|
Term
| Tribes get marerials through? |
|
Definition
| Trade, increased still local, multiple partners. Example: Yamamas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher buidlings. Organized. Large population. No longer in 1,000 like tribes but now in 10,000 to 20,000. Complex. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefdom's social organization |
|
Definition
| Family, age, sex. Elite class, middle, lower. Get a cross of social and economic levels. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefdom's social organization |
|
Definition
| Family, age, sex. Elite class, middle, lower. Get a cross of social and economic levels. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefdom's political organization |
|
Definition
| One leader, advisors, formal jobs. Still in charge. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefdom's economic organization |
|
Definition
| Different people make different amount of money or gold. They generally have capital with villages around them and rural country sides. Everything is given to capital. Might have currency, not required. Trade goods. Mult jobs. Specialty jobs, might not grow food. Might have weaver, potter get food for pavement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God is more powerful religion of hierarchy. Have temple structures. Political leader often religious leader or supports political leader. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefdoms settlements are? |
|
Definition
| Permanent. Open market. Huge variation of housing, large small. Shorted by class.Material culture. |
|
|
Term
| The Chiefdoms had a wide variety of |
|
Definition
| Technology. Amount of material increased- trade vast and enormous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nation state-even larger, more capitals. Conquer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tax, everybody pays some sort of tax. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men for work and war and they have to do it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An autonomous political unit encompassing many communities within its territory, having a centralized government with the power to collect taxes, draft men to work or war, and decree and enforce laws. *We live in them* |
|
|
Term
| Evolution is the 19th century idea of? |
|
Definition
| Progress. Thought change from band to higher. But you dont have to progress to different level. Idea came out with idea of evolution but it does not work.This does not make lower societies more primitive because they advance as they need for their situation. Our tool would not work in Ju society and not all societies fit nicely, some overlap. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of kinship? |
|
Definition
| To create a support system, creates history, basics of society social organization |
|
|
Term
| Kinship is a method of organizing people and defines? |
|
Definition
| Who is eligible to marry and special relationships among people. |
|
|
Term
| Kinship organizes lines of descent according to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five classifications of kinship? |
|
Definition
1. Consanguinity-related by blood
2. Affinity- relationship by marriage
3. Fictive kinship- those not related to you by blood or marriage yet they are still considered part of the family
4. Terms of address- names or nicknames you call people EX. Mom
5. Terms of reference- actual relationship to person(mother) |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of relationship is common for anthros? |
|
Definition
| Fictive and they usually develop into this with the group they study over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only people related through your father are related to you. EX. Yamama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only people related to you through your mother are related to you. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You consider both your mom and dad sides of your family. So deascent is traced through both parents. Just like us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual chooses line of descent by generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men are patrilineal
Women are matrilineal |
|
|
Term
| Kinship charts and symbols |
|
Definition
Triangle means male
Circle means female
Square means male or female
= means marriage bond
1 means descent bond
- means codescent bond(sibling/twin)
= with a line through means divorced
X means dead
Filled in circle means ego
... means fictive kin(one method to use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A marriage partner selection rule requiring that marriage be to someone within a defined social group such as an extended family, religios community, economic class, ethnic or age group. Selection is always further restricted by exogamy rules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A marriage partner selection rule requiring that marriage be with someone outside of a defined social group such as one's nuclear family. Selection is usually further restricted by endogamy rules. |
|
|
Term
| Technique used by anthros to find similarities and differences between different cultures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Examply of Comparitive Method
Compare our kinship to the Ju: |
|
Definition
Similarities:
Bilateral linr of descent
Both of us define family by
nuclear relationship respect
between parent and child
Differences:
Age for them displayed in name
The number of names
We have infinite number
They use nicknames |
|
|
Term
| The Ju/'hoansi's language is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Ju/'hoansi's language is composed of? |
|
Definition
| Clicks which these sounds are letters. They have fewer letters than us but they have clicks. |
|
|
Term
| The Ju/'hoansi's physical environment |
|
Definition
| Location is Dobe(name of watering hole that lee is at) it is located in Botswana |
|
|
Term
| The Ju/'hoansi's environment is? |
|
Definition
| Dry, rocks, and stones and sand, still vegetation and the location can be misleading. |
|
|
Term
| The Ju/'hoansi society is usually a |
|
Definition
| Hunting and gathering society. Group lee's first encounters have been associated with watering hole for 30 years. They prefer to live alone in the bush at the time and do not work for the blacks. |
|
|
Term
| When Lee arrived the Dobe area consisted of? |
|
Definition
| 10 watering holes. 70% of them live in Numsi and the remainder in Xaixai.If combined the area ia 3,000 square miles. The population was 466 with 379 residents and 87 seasonal visitors. |
|
|
Term
| At the time of the study the water hole has no? |
|
Definition
| Kung or livestock residence. Also 85 to a 100% of the people hunted or gathered food.When first started work only one truck came along every six weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the physical environments that are defined by the Ju? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North of Kahari and fixed by vegetation. This is where Mongongo nuts are found. Major food source of the Ju. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intermediate in elevation between dunes and melapos are plains of buff-to-white compacted sand. Provided groves of Grewia berry bushes and the vegetable invory and tasty fruit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two subtypes. Smaller have compacted soils of light grey buff. Here find thickist of trees, well-defined Melapo with gray compacted silty soils and occassional hardpan support source of edible gum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The soils consist of patches of bare rock alternating with patches of sand or mud. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Huma(spring rains):begin year.They are from Oct to Nov. Rainfall light, hits some areas and not others. Triggers growth in planets and reproduction in animals.
Bera(main summer rains): From Dec to March. Heaviest rain,bring season of plenty. Migrate birds flock to seasonal pans in large numbers. The major food of season is fruits,berries,melons, and leafy greans.
Tobe(autumn):April to May-rains cease. Before cold weather. Seasonal pans shrink. Food still abundant plenty of summer berries.
Gum(winter): May to Aug- peak cold June. Cool dry season diet varies during month.
Gaa(spring dry season): Final season begins late Aug ends in Oct or early Nov. Can reach freezing temperatures at night. Least attractive time of the year. Will most likely turn to less desirable food such as roots. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that are eaten by Ju included the Mongogo which is the most important. And other nut producing trees,roots,potatos, contopirace plants not most desireable. Many roots for sources of water and gum from trees. |
|
|
Term
Flora:
Women are proficient? |
|
Definition
| Gatherers.In all the men and women only worked 20 hr weeks. Vegetarian compromises 70% of diet. |
|
|
Term
Flora:
The tools and techniques for gathering were simple- |
|
Definition
| Plant knowledge, growth, location complex. The Kung women were highly skilled at this. Between plants from usefulto not useful to dangerous. One tool digging stick. Do have 5 different types of carriers. Carrying involves several ingenious multiple purpose contaners. They have 5 different carriers: Kaross, Leatherbags, Baby sling, Carrying net, and Carrying yoke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lions,elephants,warthogs,rabbits,birds. They do not eat lions or wild dogs/hyenas other cats or predators.But do not really fear these animals either. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They eat some insects, eat hare, small hoofed animals. They eat what they find on daily bases if extra continue to eat until gone then go hunt again. |
|
|
Term
Fauna(game):
Tools for hunting |
|
Definition
| Major tools- bow and arrow, spear, knife, spring hare hook. Minor tools- digging stick and fire making equiptment. |
|
|
Term
Fauna(game):
4 types of hunting |
|
Definition
1. Moblie-bow and arrow. With dogs.
2. Underground- warthog
3. Snaring- old hunters |
|
|
Term
Fauna(game):
The Ju are amazing? |
|
Definition
| Trackers. You can tell alot from tracking. Age of animal, health, alone or not and even sex. |
|
|
Term
Fauna(game):
When a hunter kills meat the correct manner is? |
|
Definition
| Modesty. Play down kill and even act unhappy with it, The insulting of the mean is one of the main ways the society practices egaliterism. Other hunting practices such as arrow sharing promote this. Ownership of meat. The one who owns the arrow owns the meat. All that means is they have the right to disrepute it. Besides the arrows there is also a poison that is used on arrows to kill the game. It comes froma beetle. They also have traps for catching animals. |
|
|
Term
| The hardest and most scares thing for the JU is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Public place in the middle. Construct circle. Use saplings from leaves. Temporary. Have trash area. Further out have bathroom space. Circle provides protection. Huts openings face each other. Couple dozen people. Small group no more than resources can handle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only take from nature what your going to use. Dont kill more than you can use. Also dont leave huge imprints on the area. Do not leave much archeological evidence. Might find some tools or jewelry. Utilize only what they need. Only wear clothes to cover privates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual division of labor. Only certain jobs done by certain gender.Only men hunt. Age divides them. Little kids gather with women. Eventually little boys start following dad. Elderly do some work. Still gather. Contribute as much as you can then when you cant the camp supports you. Women also do child rearing. Close knit community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilateral system. They are without a formal institution. Only respect with age. Names not the material culture where status would exsist. Status is also based on respect of ones role in society. So status in terms of addresses and adornment. Terms of addresses major way to show respect. Still nobody tells people what to do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Role names(father,mother,uncle)
2. Personal names(names only used by 30 or 40 total).
People will share names. Relative age in names. Shared names. Limited number of names available in JU kinship system. |
|
|
Term
| The Ju kinship names their children after? |
|
Definition
| Elder not parent. Those that share the same personal name share the same role. EX. If I am Jen and your wife if Jen and I am younger then I am little wife. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Joking relationship- familiar relationships, your friends, grandparents.
2. Avoidance relationships- respectful relationships, parent and children and aunt and uncle. Have to treat parents with respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People in adjacent generations= avoidance.
People in same and alternating generations= joking
Exception is same generation of Ju opposite sex. Why? Dont skip generation generally to marry. Exception to rules. Same generation opposite sex, cannot have sexual relationship with close relatives(brother or cousin) so close cousin or brother have avoudance relationship in sexual manner.
If you have a joking relt. You can hang around with that person and joke.
People in
People in the same and alternating generations= joking.
Exception is same generation Ju of opposite sex, cannot have sexual relationship with close relatives say brother or cousin. So close cousin or brother have avoidance relationship in sexual manner. If you have joking relt you can hang around that person and joke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is guidance when problem occurs with naming relationship. If someone in your own generation shares the name of your grandparent, you treat them like grandparent so joking relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The older person with the name determines what to do in these siutations. Young get wi at mercy of the old. As they age WI others and gain status. This is done by telling others what to call you.EX. Somebody in parent relations has the same name as grandparent, person you meet is older so they decided. If they tell you avoidance give you different name to be called by. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dont have leaders. They have a system that has three stages to settle conflict:
1. argue
2. fight
3. deadly force
Last is severe and if they dont want to kill each other in present day they go to a Tswana court and let them decide. Traditionally one of the parties leaves for a couple days or for good. This is known as fissioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the parties leaves for a couple days or for good. It is most often temporary. Things that they argue over are distribution of meat, people not sharing, and the main reason is women. Not all over women sometimes issue around women. Another reason to fight is revenge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Called Hxaro- simple concept you give something to somebody and they eventually give you something back. Exchange does not have to be of equal value. They do this to help keep relationships open. Important for marriage and political alliances for war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water most scarse resource. One can own resources. Family ownership. All of siblings or cousins of one family. Then pass down to their children. Have ownership to deny access. If visitor comes find person, ask if can drink almost always say yes. Only reason for ownership is so outsiders cannot take control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nobody can withold knowing from anyone else. The one exception is the Shaman he has know, others who dont have it can learn it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animistic. Gods amd deities are based on nature.Polytheistic 4 being types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the way to connect to the spiritual realm. Magic to access spirit world when you want something in this life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spirit that lives within somebody and it is a good spirit but it is susceptible to the Ganskui and makes you sick. Thats when Shaman comes in. The purpose of ideology is to expand what is not there after life by becoming spiritual beings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outsiders black and Eruopeans. Tswana and Herero blacks. Herero intimate client chip. The Herero are cattle ranchers. Get into the Ju territory. |
|
|
Term
| When the Herero brought in cattle they used up? |
|
Definition
| Resources water, and ate plants. Up root soil. Thats why had to get involved in nation state. Had some positive aspects: some are going and living with and then working for kinship relations.Some intermarriage. Some packing up house holds and choosing new lifestyle. |
|
|
Term
| The outsiders side effects of living is not letting go with some values especially |
|
Definition
| Reciprocity. Have to feed and shelter visitors. They now make money so they have to buy it. It is a hardship because they do not make that much money. Getting point have to decide it they are going to stick with traditions. Some have broke off others trying to keep it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arrangedby Ju mothers. Now outsiders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clothing, wearing manufactured clothes. Radios, appliances, have house things, horses. |
|
|
Term
| Horses the English claim have a problem for the Ju because? |
|
Definition
| Hunt too fast and kill too many animals. |
|
|
Term
| Men and women roles in the new economy have |
|
Definition
| Mult. jobs. Women home now work more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chu/o literally means face of hut. In Ju language Chu/o means tames and symbolizes safety, comfort, and companionship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bush or the wilderness. Mobility is an important essence of the Ju adaptation. There camps are built easy,they are moved frequent can build in hours or days. Rarely occupied for more than few months. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 different villagetypes? |
|
Definition
1. Dry season village-occupied 3-6 months from May to June or September or October.Fairly large and contain 8-15 huts. Located near permanent water hole. They tend to be well cared for and trash is moved and land is cleared to set up.
2. Rainy season village-located near major seasonal water hole and food sources. Sizes vary from small to large. OCC from 3 weeks to 3 months.
3. Spring and fall camps- dry weather no huts, 2-3 weeks.
4. Overnight stops-fire built, sleep, abandoned next morning.
5. Cattle post village- new, popular since 1970. No circle huts face cattle.Survival is focused around cattle. Can live there as long as 20 years. Made of mud not brush.
Choosing these camps is usually easy for the Ju, they look for something that has not been recently occupied. They dont return again and again they live lightly on the land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilateral system. They are without a formal institution. Only respect with age. Status is based on respect of ones role in society. |
|
|
Term
| Status in terms of addressess and adornment |
|
Definition
| Terms of addressess major way to show respect. Still nobody tells people what to do. Kinship- central to organization. |
|
|
Term
| Lee in the book well became adapted into the? |
|
Definition
| Kinship system by Neshia who became his adopted father.Ju have a custom of naming everyone after older person according to a repitoire of personal names. Kin terms are applied to everyone related or not related and kin ties exist to vary borders of the unknown. |
|
|
Term
| Process that puts people in motions at camp is? |
|
Definition
| exhausting of local resources, visiting, recieving and conflict. When boys marry give bride service. Groups dont remain indefinetly they can dis band and re band or new bands can be created. Share everyone gets equal portions. Dynamic of Ju camp is a life at work, leasure, harmony, conflict and group solidarity; interupted with periods of fission. |
|
|
Term
Terms of addresses:
Role names- |
|
Definition
| Father, mother, uncle. Personal names (names only used by 30 or 40 total). People will share names. Relative age in names.Shared names. Limited number of names available in the Ju kinship system. |
|
|
Term
| Name children after elder not? |
|
Definition
| Parent. Those that share the same personal name share the same roles. There are 35 men names and 32 womens names. They are inherited from one ancestor according to a fairly strict set of rules. Every child must be named for somebody. First born son is named after his father's father. First born daughter is named after the father's mother.Parent never names child after themselves. |
|
|
Term
Marriage:
marriage traditionally |
|
Definition
| Marriage partner for a girl or boy usually begins soon after child is born. All first marriages are arranged by the parents and may involve decades of gift exchange before the child is married. Typically a boys mother approaches girls mother to propose marriage. If agreeable to the girl side it is sealed with the giving of Karmis(special gift). |
|
|
Term
| once found partner has to pay attention to? |
|
Definition
| Kinship and relationship of prospect. Incest taboos. No marrying first cousin or second cousin. Girl can not marry boy with same name as brother or father. Boys cant marry same name as their mother or sister. Also cant marry someone in avoidance relationship. |
|
|
Term
| Available mates usually come from? |
|
Definition
| Fictive kin. Idea marriage by capture marriage age for girls 12-16 and for boys 18-25. Girls are taken from hut and carried from parents huts to specially built marriage huts. |
|
|
Term
| Although first marriage is arranged girls can? |
|
Definition
| Protest and after enough time and consistent protest can end marriage.Half of all 1st marriages end. Marriage is one of the major forms of intergroup alliances. Marriage of young couple create an important bond between the two families and their camps. Marriage alliances form an important part of security for the Ju. |
|
|
Term
| Today South Africa has the highest? |
|
Definition
| HIV rate. In some places expected live rate has gone from 55 to 37. Geographically the Ju are in heartland of world epidemic. In 1987 no HIV positive in Dobe Ju area, as of present 3-6% positive, but this number is relatively low compared to nations average rate. Ju women in modern times many refuse to sleep with man without condom and wont have sex wihtout. Ju women have importance in their society. |
|
|
