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Definition
| Flowering plants (seeds enclosed in a fruit). Most abundant/diverse group of plants-- 250,000 plants) |
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Definition
| Lack flowers but produce seeds (naked seeds). Ex: conifers, ginkgoes |
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| Contain one cotyledon. Contain/transport nutrients beneath ground, absording from endosperm (starchy food supply) |
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| Emerge above ground and function initially as leaves, photosynthesizing and eventually withering away |
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Definition
| Requires all or part of 2 years to complete its life cycle |
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| Has leaves and stems that die at the end of the growing season to the soil leve. Below soil the rest survive |
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| Stems above ground remain alive during winter and grow shoots the next years from the above ground parts |
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Definition
| Common word describing a monocot green plant in the family Graminae. Can also describe several other plants |
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Definition
| Flowering plant with a non-woody stem. Isn't a shrub or tree either. Most plants are these |
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Definition
| Large perennial woody plant, larger than a shrub |
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| Multiple stems at ground level. Usually less than 5-6 meters. Large number of plants can be either these or trees. Particularly true in areas of low rainfall or due to soil conditions |
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Definition
| Any plant of genus Vitus or any similar climbing or trailing plant. Modified stems, originally from Latin referring to grapes |
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Definition
| Protective, flexible layers that surrounds the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| All plants have these, there are primary and secondary that develop for support, protection or water transport |
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Definition
| All plants have these, there are primary and secondary that develop for support, protection or water transport |
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Definition
| Genetic material is located here |
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Definition
| Where the process of photosynthesis primarily takes place |
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Definition
| Breakdown of carbs and sugar molecules to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP in the process of respiration takes place here |
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Definition
| Plant's protective outer coating in contact with the outer environment |
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Definition
| consists of phloem and xylem |
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Definition
| Transports water from root up to plant |
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Definition
| Concerned with transport of starch for the process of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Diversity of functions, production and storage of food, packing and support |
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Definition
| Where the continued vertical growth will occur |
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Definition
| Where flowers or branches grow |
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Definition
| Three universal functions: anchorage, absorption and translocation of water with dissolved mineral nutrients |
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Definition
| Form from one primary root which then form lateral systems |
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Definition
| Most have a single radicle and then other embryonic roots form, creating seminole roots |
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Term
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Definition
| At tip of root, manufactures new cells, area of cell division |
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Definition
| Cells increase in size, behind meristem |
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Definition
| Beneath stem, cells become specific tissues |
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Definition
| Outermost layer, responsible for absorption |
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Definition
| Most outermost tip. Cells are sloughed off as root grows through soil, protects meristem |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Dicot roots have their xylem in the center of their root and phloem outside the xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| Most plants have roots that store some food, but some roots are enlarged and store large quantities |
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Term
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Definition
| Originate on leaves and stems. Ex: young corn plants, prop roots develop on the stem, just above the ground |
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| Distinctions in vascular tissues |
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Definition
| Monocots have vascular tissues in bundles throughout the stem, dicot vascular bundles are arranged in rings |
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Term
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Definition
| Divided into nodes and internodes. Nodes hold buds which grow into leaves, flowers, cones, etc. |
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Definition
| Stems and leaves. Stems contain vascular system |
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Definition
| Aboveground horizontal stems. At each node on the stolon, a root and a bud will sprout to make a new plant |
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Definition
| Underground stems. Modified stems, have internodes and nodes. Buds underneath soil extend to surface and form new plants |
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Definition
| Enlarged terminal portions of underground rhizomes |
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Definition
| Short, thickened underground stem with thin, papery leaves. Central part accumulates stored food. Ex: banana |
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Definition
| Food stored in specialized fleshy leaves. Stem portion is small, has at least one terminal bud. Ex: onion |
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Definition
| Primary photosynthetic organs. Most contain a stalk (petiole) and a blade |
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Definition
| Leaves with a single blade. Leaf margins may be entire (smooth), toothed or lobed, oval, etc. |
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Definition
| Blade forms seven separate units/leaflets |
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Definition
| Diverge from a single point |
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Definition
| Leaflets arranged along an axis |
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Definition
| The process by which plants use light energy to make food molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle (C3)/dark reactions |
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Definition
| It is here that carbon dioxide reactions with/is catalyzed with another enzyme, resulting in a 3 carbon compound |
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Term
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Definition
| Utilization of simple sugars for the production of energy that can be stored to do work. Occurs in mitochondria, results in release of carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis minus respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for particles to spread out spontaneously from where they are CONCENTRATED to where they are LESS CONCENTRATED |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of water from the inside of the leaf to the atmosphere through the stomata. Rate is affected due to the number of stomata that are open and how dry the air is (the diffusion gradient) |
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Term
| Relative humidity/saturation vapor pressure |
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Definition
| Equilibrium is reached when the number of water molecules leaving the water surface equals the number of molecules returning to the water surface (condensation). The pressure (water condensation of air) is the saturation of vapor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Actual vapor pressure divided by saturation vapor pressure all multiplied by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| When actual vapor pressure and saturation vapor pressure are the same |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf and the outside air. Rate of carbon dioxide uptake divided by the rate of water loss |
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Term
| Environmental constraints on photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Light (light saturation point, light compensation point-- the point at which light supportant enough photosynthesis to just offset respiration) |
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Term
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Definition
| Much more efficient photosynthesis (more efficient in converting carbon dioxide into simple sugars). |
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Term
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Definition
| How much carbon dioxide do you turn into simple sugars per unit of water lost? |
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Term
| Crassulacean acid metabolism |
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Definition
| Their photosynthesis process happens in night and day. Take in CO2 at night through stomata and during day, they close stomata and convert CO2. They minimize water loss because relative humidity/temperatures are lower at night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive organ consisting of 4 organs: sepal, petal, stamen, pistil (one or more carpel) |
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Term
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Definition
| End of a flower stalk. Enlarges to form a receptacle that bears some or all of the flower parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Can make up a pistil by combining or individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of a single carpel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Peduncle terminates in a cluster of flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| If a flower is missing any of the four parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Flower contains both functional stamens and pistils (involved in seed production) |
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Term
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Definition
| Possess functional pistil/pistils but no stamens |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain stamens but no pistils |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate male and female flowers on the same plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Species have separate male and female plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollination between different plants of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruit wall developing from ovary (exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues other than ovary wall in the fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| Majority of fruit. Develop from a single carpel/several fused carpel. Fleshy or dry-- berry or drupes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy fruit with soft tissues and few-many seeds. Ex: tomato, grape, blueberry |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified berry, fruit wall is a leathery rind. Ex: pumpkin, squash |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified berry, leathery fruit wall with numerous oil glands surrounding cavities where seeds are stored. Ex: citrus fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, fleshy fibrous fruit that contains a hard stone surrounding a single seed. Ex: peaches, cherries, avocado |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple fruit that splits open along structure to release seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple fruit that splits along one suture to release seeds. Ex: milkweed |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits along 2 sutures to release seeds (top and bottom). Ex: peas |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, dry fruit that splits along multiple sutures or pores. Ex: poppy |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't split open at maturity. Caryopses and grains are examples. Each contain a single seed. Ex: corn kernels and wheat |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, dry fruits that have a store wall (endocarp) and don't split open at maturity. Peanuts are seeds, not nuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple and dry, don't split open at maturity, contains a single seed. Seed coat isn't fused to seed wall. Achene can be separated from seed wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from a single flower that contains several separate free carpels. Post-fertilization, each carpel enlarges and may fuse to form a single fruit. Ex: raspberries |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms from the carpels of many flowers that grow close to one another on a common flower stalk (inflorescence). Carpels from each flower fuse with nearby carpels as they develop and enlarge. Flowers fusing v. carpels fusing |
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Term
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Definition
| Differ in that other plant tissues in addition to the ovary tissue make up the plant. Each tiny "seed" on a strawberry is actually a fruit--an achene--containing a tiny seed |
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Term
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Definition
| Products of genetics and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| If the two alleles at any given locus are the same (from the mother and the father) |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes are arranged in linear order. Genes are a stretch of DNA coding |
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Term
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Definition
| Outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic (externally observable) |
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Definition
| The ability for different phenotypic expressions of the same genotype under different environment conditions. Ex: hydrangea flowers of blue-purple to pink in different soil conditions |
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Definition
| Set of phenotypes expressed by a genotype in different environments |
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Term
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Definition
| The heterozygous individual expresses the same phenotype as one of the homozygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous individual is intermediate between the homozygous types |
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Definition
| Sum of all the genetic information across all the individuals in the population |
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Definition
| Proportion of an allele at a locus in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotypes (proportion) at a locus. Genetic makeup of a population won't change over time, but the genotypes and phenotypes will |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells and organisms that contain more than 2 paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most are diploid (two chromosome sets) but some have 3 plus) which can result in larger fruit |
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