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| structure and function of bones |
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protects
mucous membrane and skin
surface of body and cavity linings |
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support, connect, bind, maintenance
cartilage, blood, bone |
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contracts
smooth, striated, cardiac |
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transmits information
neuron to neuron
neuron to muscle |
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fast and very fatiguable
sprinters
forceful or rapid contraction |
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fast and fatigue resistant
speech |
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slow and small
incredibly fatigue resistant
used to sit |
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| depends on number of muscle fibers |
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| cannot supply muscles with necessary energy |
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horizontal
upper and lower |
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| process involved in O2/CO2 exchange between intestinal fluids and environment |
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| process involved in absorbtion of O2 and release of CO2 by cells |
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| function of respiratory system |
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gas exchange btw air and blood
defend against pollutants
air supply for sound production |
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| given a contant temp, increase in volume will cause a decrease in pressure |
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| forces causing lungs to return to resting state |
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| pressure within an alveolar |
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| pressure btw visceral and parietal |
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| measured below vocal folds |
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movement
conduction of air in respiratory path |
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| air distributed to alveoli |
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vascular supply to alveolar capillaries
amount of blood around |
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| gas exchange across alveolar capillary membrane |
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| amount a compartment can hold |
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| functional unit representing physiological limit |
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| inhaled following maximal exhalation |
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| functional residual capacity |
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| amount in body after passive exhalation |
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| maximum inspiration possible after tidal expiration |
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| inspiratory reserve volume |
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| inhaled after tidal inspiration |
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| expiratory reserve volume |
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| exhaled after tidal expiration |
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| air remaining in lungs after masimum exhalation |
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| point of attachment of least mobile |
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| point of attachment that moves following contraction |
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acetylcholine released
travels to t-tubels
stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulm
sr realeases calcium
calcium binds to troponin
myosin grabs(creating cross bridge) and pulls |
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sends impulse to muscle
results in contraction |
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| toward the center of the body |
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| away from the center of the body |
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| gas exchange btw an organism and its environment |
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| regulation of breathing for voice and speech production |
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leads to pressure drop in lungs
pressure in lungs is negative to pressure outside |
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leads to increase in pressure
pressure in lungs positive causing air to flow out |
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| active inhalation and exhalation |
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| two forces enable lungs to change volume |
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pleural linkage
restorative forces |
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| maintains expanison of lungs and ecompression of rib cage |
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| elastic recoil forces acting upon lungs and thorax |
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| space btw lungs and rib cage filled with fluid |
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| 5 pressures of respiration |
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alveolar
intrapleural
subglottal
intraoral
atmospheric |
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diaphram contracts
pleural membranes stretched-drop in pressure
lungs expand
ab structures compressed
external intercostals contract
air rushes in
elastic recoil forces increase
diaphragm and intercostals relax
lungs decrease in volume
air rushes out |
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| average breath pre min. for adults/children |
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| 1 inspiration and 1 expiration |
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| volume of air consumed in 1 min |
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| factors affecting volume and duration |
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| age, sex, health, exertion |
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| factors affecting volume and capacty |
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| constriction near one end of a bone |
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| an opening or perforation in a bone |
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| enlargement at one end of the bone |
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| rounded or knucklelike process |
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| sheet like membrane surrounding organs and muscles |
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| very large bony projection |
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