Term
| What are focal neurological signs |
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Definition
| Focal neurologic signs also known as focal neurological deficits or focal CNS signs are impairments of nerve, spinal cord, or brain function that affects a specific region of the body, e.g. weakness in the left arm, the right leg, paresis, or plegia. |
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Term
| what are the different headache classifications |
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Definition
| Primary and Secondary. Primary accounts for all your typical headaches while secondary are a result of something pathological like a tumor, trauma, SAH |
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Term
| The majority of migraines are unilateral or bifrontal or global |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all migraines have associated auras? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the physiology of a tension headache |
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Definition
| involves pericranial muscle tenderness, normallly bilateral and back of the head or upper neck area. Also can be frontotemporal area. Unclear physiology |
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Term
| What is the difference in sx between tension headaches and migraines |
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Definition
| Migraines have sx of nausea while tension HA never have nausea. |
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Term
| drooping of the eyelid is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| another name for pupil constriction |
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Definition
| miosis (0 - c0nstriction) |
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Term
| Another name for dilation of pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| what is vertigo? What causes it? What cranial nerve is involved? |
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Definition
| there is something wrong with the labyrinth of the inner ear. The ear connects to brain via the vetibular-cochlear nerve VIII |
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Term
| To examine ear by "tug test" what do you do for a child and what do you do for an adult |
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Definition
| For child pull pinna down, for adult pull pina back and up. This will let you know if patient has external otitis. |
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Term
| a thyroid becomes a goieter when |
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Definition
| when its twice its normal size |
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Term
| how do you do a thryoid exam |
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Definition
| Start by finding your landmarks. Located thryoid cartilage. Then run fingers down over crico-thryoid membrane, then over cricoid cartilage. Then to the first two rings of the trachea. That's where you want to be and thats where the isthmus of the thryoid lies ( over the first two rings in the trachea cartilage). Go from behind the patient and lay your fingers of both hands horizontally over your landmark. Ask patient to swalllow. When he does the thyroid will come up and allow you to feel if both sides are equal in size and or excessively large. Then assess nodes where lie in same plane more posterior. Also assess hands for tremors with hands out and for sweating/edema. |
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Term
| what are the five components of a mental status examination |
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Definition
1. appearance and behavior
2. speech and language
3. mood
4. thoughts and perceptions
5. cognitive function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve is involved with speech |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| less severe than aphonia but a compromise to volume of voice, quality, or pitch of voice |
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Term
| what's the difference between broca's aphasia and wernicke's aphasia |
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Definition
| Wernicke's area is responsible for processing meaningfulnes of words and producing meaninngful words.. damage results in receptive aphasia. Pt say words right but lack meaning. Broca's aphasia is expressive aphasia, takes time or may not say words, they can ready but can't recognize and name something. |
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Term
| depression is a decrease in what neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| how do tricyclic antidepressants work |
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Definition
| they prevent the reuptake of NE and serotonin so that more is left in the synaptic cleft to bind to the post-synaptic membrane and illicit a response. |
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Term
| what are some causes for delirium |
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Definition
1. delirium tremens from withdrawal
2. uremia
3. acute hepatic failure
4. acute cerebral vasculitis
5. atropine poisoning
6. drug intoxication
7. ICU Psychosis |
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Term
| What are some causes for dementia |
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Definition
1. vitamin B12 def (reversible)
2. Thryoid disease (reversible)
3. alzyheimers
4. vascular dementia
5. Dementia from head trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| small flat spots, <1.0 cm |
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Term
| what is a burrow, what can cause this skin condition |
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Definition
| burrow are a tunnel like appearance usually associated with scabies. |
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Term
| spider angiomas are seen in what conditions |
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Definition
1. liver disease
2. pregnancy
3. vitamin B deficiency |
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Term
| what's the difference between petechia/purpura and ecchymosis |
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Definition
| mostly the same except petechia/purpura are less <3mm and ecchymosis is >3 cm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the ABCDEs of melanoma |
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Definition
A: Asymmetry
B: Borders (Irregular)
C: Color (variation - black/blue/white/red)
D: Diameter (>6mm)
E: Evolution (Changes in size, sx) |
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Term
| what is acitinic keratosis |
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Definition
| People who had a lot of sun can get it and they are considered pre-cancerous. 1 in 1000 develop into squamos cell carcinoma. |
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Term
| What nerves attenuate taste for the tongue |
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Definition
1. facial nerve does 2/3 anterior tongue
2. glossopharyngeal does 1/3 posterior tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal nerve and Vagus Nerve |
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Term
| What nerve does abduction of the eyes |
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Definition
| CN VI: Abducen Nerve: Abduction means looking away from midline (side-to-side) This nerve is abducen nerve |
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Term
| What nerve pulls the eyes down and in |
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Definition
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Term
| what motor movement does occulomotor do? |
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Definition
| Occulomotor is Cranial Nerve III. Itpulls eyes upward via superior rectus muscle, downward via inferior rectus muscle, medial via the medial rectus and up and in via the inferior oblique. |
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Term
| What does the hypoglossal nerve do? How do you test for it? |
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Definition
tongue movement
Ask patient to touch the rough of their mouth with their tongue, stick tongue out, left and right. |
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Term
| what cranial nerve causes miosis |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve is responsible for mastication |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerves attenuate taste for the tongue |
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Definition
1. facial nerve does 2/3 anterior tongue
2. glossopharyngeal does 1/3 posterior tongue |
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Term
| a person develops the worse headache of their life and is found to have a SAH..what class of headache is this; primary or secondary |
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Definition
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Term
| What skin condition is a precursor for squamos cell carcinoma |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five layers of the cornea |
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Definition
1. epithelium
2. bowman's layer
3. stroma
4. descemet
5. endothelium |
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Term
| what is an Anisocoria (ANNE-ICE-SO-CORE-E-Ahhh) |
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Definition
| unequal pupil sizes. It may be normal and up to 20% of people in population have this. |
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Term
| what are some sx of horner's syndrome |
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Definition
1. ptosis: droopy eyelid
2. anhidrosis: inability to sweat
3. Mydriasis: dilation of pupil. |
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Term
| most common peripheral blocks that cause horner's syndrome |
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Definition
1. scalene blocks
2. cervical pelxuses blocks |
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Term
| CN III paralysis. What would your right eye do? |
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Definition
| Eye would deviate lateral/outward due to CN VI |
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Term
| CN IV paralysis would do what to your right eye |
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Definition
| Eye would not be able to look downward when turned inward. Very rare |
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Term
| CN VI paralysis would do what to right eye |
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Definition
| Right eye could not look lateral. It would be come disconjugate from left eye when you tried focusing your own eyes to right. |
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Term
| what can increase ICP results in what findings when assessing the eye? |
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Definition
| causes papilledema which is seen as intra-axonal edema along optic nerve with engorgement and swelling of the optic disc |
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Term
| what's the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss? |
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Definition
| Sensorineural hearing loss relates to issues with the inner ear and cochlear or nerves and connection with the brain. While conductive deals with the outer and middle ear and its apparatus that delivers vibrations into the inner ear from environment |
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Term
| what two medications are notorious for causing hearing loss |
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Definition
1. aminoglycosides
2. lasix |
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Term
| If a patient felt dizzy or lightheadedness would you think vertigo? |
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Definition
| NOOOOOOOOOOOO. Vertigo is more like the room is spinning around them or they are spinning around the room. |
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Term
| what is otitis externa and what would you see when assessing for it? |
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Definition
| ear infection of the external ear. You would see a swollen canal, the canal may be narrowed, pain would be illicited when tugging on the auricle. The external ear may be reddened. |
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Term
| When examining for otitis externa how do you manipulate the pinna of an adult compared to a young child |
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Definition
Adult: pull pinna up and back
Child: pull pinna straight down. |
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Term
| how do you test for auditory acuity |
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Definition
| whispered voice. Stand 2 feet behind patient. Occlude non-test ear with finger. |
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Term
| how do you test to see if someone has conductive or neurosensory hearing loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the Rinne Test and Weber Test |
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Definition
| You first test with the Rinne test which tests for conduction differences between air and bone conduction. Normal is Air is > than bone. If Air=Bone or Bone > Air then conductive hearing loss. IF Air is > bone but air does not last that much longer compared to when its done to you then there may be sensorineural hearing loss. Further test for sensorineural with a webers test to differentiate unilateral sensorilateral hearing loss with fork over head. |
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Term
| what are the three tonsils in the body |
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Definition
1. palatine tonsil
2. lingual tonsil
3. pharyngeal tonsil (aka adenoid tonsils) |
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Term
| asymmetric tongue protrusion (Stick your tongue out!) means what cranial nerve involvement |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three different types of sleep apnea. describe them |
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Definition
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: obstruction
2. Central Sleep Apnea: Brain/signal issue
3. Complex sleep apnea: combo of obstructive and central SA |
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Term
| where are your visual inputs transformed into auditory code? |
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Definition
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Term
| Auditory information is interpreted for meaning in what part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| what area control speech via the __ |
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Definition
| brocas via the motor cortex |
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Term
| patient words lack meaning but come out clear and fast..what area is affected? Causing what kind of aphasia |
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Definition
| wernicke's area causing receptive aphasia |
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Term
| patient has slow, laborous speech, words are meaningfull and concise but poorly articulated, few words, what area affected? What type of aphasia |
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Definition
| Broca's area damaged causing expressive aphasia. |
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Term
| what are some common sx of depression |
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Definition
1. muscle aches
2. headaches
3. fatigue |
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Term
| what herbal upregulates the CYP3A4 cytochrome of the P450 system in the liver.[24] |
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Definition
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Term
| what antidepressant has significant anti-cholinergic effects |
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Definition
| tricyclic anti depresseants |
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Term
| what antidepressant may be used for pain use |
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Definition
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Term
| what drugs do you avoid with tricyclics and MAOIS |
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Definition
| Avoid indirect acting sympathomimetics and vasoactive drugs like pancorunioum, ketamine, demerol, ephedrine |
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Term
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Definition
| block the reuptake of amines |
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Term
| what medicaiton has a serious side effect with MAOI's and is contraindicated |
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Definition
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Term
| which antidepressant has the lease cholinergic effects and no sedation |
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Definition
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Term
| what is circumstantiality |
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Definition
is a communication disorder in which the focus of a conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point.[1] In circumstantiality, unnecessary details and irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point
Think about circumstantial evidence in law enforcement. It helps but can also just be "fluff and puff" adding to the case but not necessarily directly related to your case or point. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a thought disorder characterized by discourse consisting of a sequence of unrelated or only remotely related ideas. The frame of reference often changes from one sentence to the next"The traffic is rumbling along the main road. They are going to the north. Why do girls always play pantomime heroes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Flight of ideas describes excessive speech at a rapid rate that involves fragmented or unrelated ideas.[8] It is common in mania.[8] It has also been described in schizophrenia and ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychiatry, the term neologism is used to describe the use of words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning.[8] This tendency is considered normal in children, but in adults it can be a symptom of psychopathy[9] or a thought disorder (indicative of a psychotic mental illness, such as schizophrenia).[ |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought blocking, a phenomenon that occurs in people with psychiatric illnesses (usually schizophrenia), occurs when a person's speech is suddenly interrupted by silences that may last a few seconds to a minute or longer |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychology, confabulation (verb: confabulate) is a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive.[1] Confabulation is distinguished from lying as there is no intent to deceive and the person is unaware the information is false |
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Term
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Definition
| The word "echolalia" is derived from the Greek ἠχώ, meaning "echo" or "to repeat",[2] and λαλιά (laliá) meaning "speech" or "talk"[3] In Transcortical sensory aphasia, echolalia is common, with the patient incorporating another person's words or sentences into his or her own response. While these patients lack language comprehension, they are still able to read. A typical pediatric presentation of echolalia might be as follows: a child is asked "Do you want dinner?"; the child echoes back "Do you want dinner?", followed by a pause, and then a response, "Yes. What's for dinner?"[9] |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychology and psychiatry, clanging refers to a mode of speech characterized by association of words based upon sound rather than concepts.Example: “He went in entry in trying tieing sighing dying ding-dong dangles dashing dancing ding-a-ling!” |
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Term
| misperceptions of real external stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| fixed, false beliefs, cannot be corrected by logic and are not consistent with culture and education of the patient |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in remote and recent memory |
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Definition
Remote Memory
Definition
Remote memory is the ability to remember things that happened years ago.Ex: remember what dad use to do on 4th of july? This memory lost late in dementia.
Recent memory is just that. usually effected in delerius patients |
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Term
| when is LOC affected in dementia? |
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Definition
| LATE dementia will have change in LOC |
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Term
| what are some reversible causees of dementia |
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Definition
| 1. vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) def 2. thryoid disorders |
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Term
| what are some causes of delerium |
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Definition
1. atropine overdose
2. drug intox
3. ICU psychosis |
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Term
| difference between petechia/purpura and ecchymosis |
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Definition
| both are purple, petechia/purpura <3 mm. |
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Term
| what are the characterestics of benign nevus |
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Definition
| a mole. Normally round or oval, sharply defined borders, uniform colors, <6mm, flat or raised slightly |
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Term
| give some examples of secondary headache |
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Definition
1. SAH
2. Infections
3. analgesia rebound |
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Term
| what common drug we give in the hospital can precipitate migraines in some people |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things can cause ptsosis |
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Definition
1. myathenis gravis
2. horner's syndrome
3. cranial nerve III damage |
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Term
| people with exophthalamos cant do what with their eyes well? |
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Definition
| - Exophthalmos pts can’t converge well. |
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Term
| The posterior part of the eye seen through an opthalmoscope is known as the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lateral and slightly inferior to the disc, there is a small depression in the retinal surface that marks the point of central vision – around it is a darkened circular area known as the? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Causes? cerebellar disease or parkinsons |
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Term
| what antidepressant can exacerbate anticholinergic sx associated with scopolamine and benadryl |
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Definition
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Term
| difference in sleep between dementia and delerium |
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Definition
| dementia pts have fragmented sleep patterns while delerius patients have disrupted sleep patterns |
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Term
| what are some risk factors for melanoma? |
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Definition
1. age > 50
2. multiple >50 moles
3. red or light hair
4. Actinic letingines |
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Term
| what is Actinic letingines |
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Definition
| is a small pigmented spot on the skin with a clearly defined edge, surrounded by normal-appearing skin. It is a harmless (benign) hyperplasia of melanocytes which is linear in its spread. A lentigo has an increased number of melanocytes. Freckles will increase in number and darkness with sunlight exposure, whereas lentigines will stay stable in their color regardless of sunlight exposure. Risk factor for melanoma. |
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Term
| what is Seborrheic keratosis? |
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Definition
| - seBorrheic Keratosis: B=benign. STUCK ON, black spotsgreasy/velvety/warty |
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Term
| most common type of skin cancer? What does it look like? |
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Definition
| basal cell carcinoma, 80%, pearly red, slow growing and doesn't often metastasizes |
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Term
| Crusted, hyperkeratotic lesions with a rough surface or flat reddish patches with inflammed, ulcerated appearance is?? |
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Definition
| Squamos cell carcinoma. 18% of skin cancers. Can arise from aCintic Keratosis. More red and firm than basal cell. Also doesn't metastasize as often. |
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Term
What is the difference between:
Tinea Capitis
Trichotillomania
Alopecia Areata |
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Definition
Tinea Capitis: Ring work. Circular hair loss with scales and dry skin
Trichotillomania: Hair mania. Pulling or plucking hair. Psch issues.
Alopecia Areata: Hair loss in circular fashion with no other sx. Autoimmune. |
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Term
| What does clubbing fingers indicate? |
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Definition
Clubbing means congenital heart disease.
Clubbing:
Loss of normal angle between nail and proximal nail fold.
Angle >180
Nail bed is spongy or floating
Seen in congenital heart disease, interstitial lung disease, Lung cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignancies. |
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