Term
| What is Gordon Allport's definition of prejudice ? |
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Definition
| Gordon Allport feels as if categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. Prejudice and stereotypes emerge as a part of normal human thinking. It's a process of "categorization". We sort people into mental groups based on factors such as age, sex, and race. |
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Term
| What is James Jones definition of prejudice ? |
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Definition
| positive or negative attitude, judgment, or feeling about a person that is generalized from attitudes or beliefs held about the group to which the person belongs. |
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Term
| What does racism build on ? |
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Definition
| Racism builds on the negative attitude view of prejudice. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main criteria that racism includes ? |
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Definition
| 1. Belief in race as a biological concept. 2) belief in the superiority of one's own race. and 3)Rationalizes institutional and cultural practices that formulize domination of one racial group over another. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Racism/Discrimination ? |
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Definition
1. Individual ( Interpersonal Discrimination)
2. Organizational Discrimination
3. Institutional Racism/Discrimination
4. Cultural Racism/Discrimination |
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Term
| What is Individual (Interpersonal Discrimination)? |
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Definition
| One person treats another unfairly because of person's group membership. (Discriminating on an individual/interpersonal level , because it's right there between y'all) For ex: Not wanting a white boy to play on your basketball team outside on the court, because you believe that all white men can't jump. |
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Term
| What is Organizational Discrimination ? |
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Definition
| When practices, rules, and policies of formal organizations , such as corporations or government agencies are sometimes different for men and women. For example: SAT testing isn't fair to everyone. |
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Term
| What is Institutional Racism/Discrimination ? |
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Definition
| A system of inequality/mistreatment based on race by organizations, and other social entities. For example: Red-lining and devaluing the homes of African-Americans. |
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Term
| What is Cultural Racism/Discrimination? |
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Definition
| Attributing value and normality to white ppl, and whiteness; yet devalues and labels people of color as other/different . For example: The current ideal of beauty in the American society. Tall, thin , blonde hair, blue eyes, perfect body shape, etc. This cultural racism, because its like an assumption that everyone must fit into that idea of beauty. |
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Term
| In terms of the historical black/white focus on racism , why is it that way? |
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Definition
| Literature on black-white relations is more widely available. Black-white relations are analyzed more. More research has been done on black-white relations. Black-white relations often inspire more intense psychological and emotional reactions. |
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Term
| What does the Black Exceptionalism thesis argue ? |
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Definition
| It argues that White Americans' attitudes towards blacks are unique because the black experience in the U.S. is so unique. For example, blacks were forced from Africa to America, slavery, racial segregation. |
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Term
| **What does David Sears argue ? |
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Definition
| believes that racial stereotypes/prejudices should be greater towards blacks, because blacks are exceptional in the minds of whites. |
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Term
| Within the 4 types of Racism/Discrimination , which 3 deals with power ? |
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Definition
| Organizational, Institutional, and Cultural. |
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Term
| What does Elizabeth Martinez believe about oppressions ? |
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Definition
| Different oppressions exist , and they differ in extent and intensity. |
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Term
| Why does Elizabeth Martinez feel that we need to move beyond black/white ? |
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Definition
| Growing number of Latinas & other minority groups, growing number of individuals classifying themselves into multiple "races" or nationalities. Latinos , and their "invisibility". |
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Term
| What was Robert Guthrie's the "Noble Savage" and Science about ? |
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Definition
| Religious Views; Ham cursed by Noah, Ham's son cursed to be a servant to Ham's brothers, and his children were to be enslaved. Africans were believed to be descendants of Cain . In the Jewish tradition, ham was cursed and condemned to blackness , and his descendants to perpetual servitude. ; Book of Mormon equates dark skin with "loathsomeness and filth", and dark-skinned individuals. |
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Term
| What is the Noble Savage myth ? |
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Definition
| European attitudes toward dark-skinned people. Viewed Africans as barbaric and liable for enslavement. |
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Term
| In the Noble Savage myth , what was there an obsession with ? |
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Definition
| There was an obsession with trying to determine the best means of race identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body. |
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Term
| What are some examples of the Anthropometry that was used in order to determine one's race? |
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Definition
| Skin color, hair textures, etc. Hair began getting categorized , for example: short, crisp, or fleecy "wooly", jet black in color ( oh, they must be African-American!), Thickness of lips. |
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Term
| What are the 3 classifications of black-white mixtures ? |
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Definition
| Mulatto, Quadroon, and Octoroon. |
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Term
| What is a Mulatto composed of, and what is so unique about that name ? |
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Definition
| Offspring of a pure white, with a pure black. The latin root for this word is Mula = comes from mule. Mules are known to be genetically unable to reproduce. |
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Term
| What is a Quadroon composed of ? |
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Definition
| Offspring of a Mulatto and a pure white. so they are 1/4 black , and 3/4 white. Like Hendrix. |
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Term
| What is an Octoroon composed of ? |
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Definition
| Child of a pure white and a Quadroon. So, they are 7/8 white. But, only 1/8 black ( hence, OCTOroon ) |
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Term
| What is the "one-drop rule" ? |
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Definition
| If you have even one drop of black blood, you're black. |
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Term
| Smedley feels as if race is what type of idea ? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Smedley, what developed the most rigid and exclusionist form of race ideology ? |
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Definition
| English in North America. |
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Term
| What is Smedley's definition of Worldview ? |
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Definition
| A culturally structured, systematic way of looking at and interpreting world realities; Automatic Cognitive Process ( after doing stuff for so long, it just automatically comes natural.) |
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Term
| What specific ideological components is Worldview composed of ? |
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Definition
| sets of beliefs, values, and assumptions, held on faith alone and generally unrelated to empirical facts, that act as guidelines or prescriptions for individual and group behavior. |
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Term
| Race is the major mode of what ? |
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Definition
| Race is the major mode of social differentiation in American society. |
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Term
| What are examples of some things that race cuts across and takes priority over? |
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Definition
| social class, education, occupation, gender, age, religion, culture(ethnicity), and other differences. |
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Term
| Is race biological, or socially-constructed ? |
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Definition
| Race is socially-constructed. |
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Term
| What are the Primordialists views on race ? |
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Definition
| Primordialists feel like it is basic human nature to be fearful of those wo are different from ourselves. belief that race and racismare natural components of human psyche. |
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Term
| Nowadays, are actual color and other phenotypic differences as crucial to the functioning of race ideology in our society today? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 Elements of a Racial Worldview ? |
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Definition
1) Universal classification of human groups as exclusive and discrete biological entities.
2) Imposition of an inegalitarian ethos that required the ranking of these groups.
3)Belief that outer physical characteristics were surface manifestations of inner realities.
4) Belief that these qualities are inheritable.
5)Belief that each race was created unique and distinct by nature or by God, and differences are fixed and unalterable. |
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Term
| What does this mean-> Race-Biology:Ethnicity-Culture ? |
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Definition
| The idea that race is to biology , as ethnicity is to culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| learned behavior; not inborn; refers to ways of behaving and thinking. |
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Term
| What is Ethnic/Ethnicity ? |
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Definition
| group of people who see themselves (and are seen by others) as having specific cultural features ( traditions, beliefs, practices) and a separate history. |
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Term
| Do physical characteristics automatically proclaim the cultural background of an individual ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should biophysical traits ever be used as part of the definition of ethnicity ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Racial essence is seen as what ? |
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Definition
| The ultimate determinant of racial character and identity. For example: (Hmm, I knew you had a little Mexican in you. ) |
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Term
| Race signifies rigidity and permanence of position based on what ? |
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Definition
| unalterable innate biological differences. |
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Term
| What is conditional and temporal, and not amenable biology ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ethnicity change/evolve ? |
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Definition
| Ethnicity can change in a lifetime-acculturation process . (the adoption of behavior patterns of the surrounding culture) |
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Term
| Where did the term race first appear ? |
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Definition
| The term race first appeared in English language as reference to human groups in the 17th century. |
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Term
| What was the original meaning of "race" ? |
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Definition
| A breeding line or stock of animals. |
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Term
| What developed and elaborated the implications of "race" to a much higher degree than the Spanish, Portugese, or French ? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Gill, slightly over half of all biological/physical anthropologists believe what? |
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Definition
| That human races are biologically valid and real. Smh. |
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Term
| Which group tends to believe in race-assessing ancestry? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Gill, What is race-assessing ancestry accurate in ? |
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Definition
| Very accurate in determining geographic racial affinities. And bone analysis ( facial measurements, femur traits, etc.) are over 80% accurate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradient of change, such as that between areas where most people have blue eyes and most people have brown eyes. ( used as argument against race. ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brace feels that we cannot pinpoint discrete differences for one group, therefore, the biological evidence isn't there. |
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Term
| What is Gill's argument against race in terms of morphological characteristics ? |
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Definition
| skin color , hair form, bone traits, eyes, and lips...tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding with climate zones. Used as argument against race. |
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Term
| According to Gill Denial of race by scientists is what ? |
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Definition
| denial of race by scientists is socio-political and not scientific. Believe it promotes racism. |
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Term
| In Gill's experiences, minority students have been what ? |
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Definition
| the strongest supporters of a racial perspective. |
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Term
| Why does Brace feel that skin color is problematic for identifying races ? |
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Definition
| because other traits are distributed in ways unrelated to the intensity of uv radiation. |
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Term
| According to Brace, Are geographic labels okay to designate people ? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Brace..Is there one physical trait that belongs to a given racial group? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Brace, What are the three main , basic classification groups that create more problems than they solve ? |
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Definition
| Negroid, Caucasoid, and Mongoloid. |
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Term
| Where did modern humans originate ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is there human variation ? |
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Definition
| within vs. between group differences. |
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Term
| What is "The Great chain of Being" ? |
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Definition
| No 2 varieties of humans could occupy the same developmental level. Europeans at the top of the chain. |
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Term
| In early race classifications, Blumenbach assumed that taxonomic groups were ? |
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Definition
| Fixed and unchanging and there was distinct boundaries between races. |
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Term
| What did Morton use to assess intelligence ? |
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Definition
| Morton used craniometry to assess intelligence. Big skulls,smart= white. Little skulls,dumb= black. Europeans most intelligent. |
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Term
| Gliddon applied studies to Egyptology, where only the caucasoids..? |
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Definition
| Were capable of building higher civilizations. Studies being done on origins of great wonder. |
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Term
| Why does the number of races and their boundaries remain a subject of dispute? |
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Definition
| Because of the lack of agreement on which traits identify race. |
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Term
| All of the many definitions of race share what two commonalities ? |
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Definition
| 1) the role of geographic distribution. and 2) Breeding populations that possess a collection of traits that distinguish them from others. |
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Term
| Does ethnicity include physical traits ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things often get confused ? |
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Definition
| Biological and cultural diversity. |
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Term
| Physical traits often become confused with ? |
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Definition
| cultural habits of dress & language. |
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Term
| We use labels so much in our daily lives to where we assume that they are meaningful in a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Geometer mean ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Geometer of race, and who created it? |
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Definition
| Carolus Linnaues created it . It is the original 4 race-system , created in 1758 in Systema Naturae. |
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Term
| What 4 races was the Geometer of Race composed of ? |
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Definition
| Amerricanus, Europaeus , Asisaticus, and Afer. |
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Term
| What did Amerricanuss mean? |
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Definition
| red, upright, ruled by habit. |
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Term
| What did Europaeus mean ? |
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Definition
| white, muscular, ruled by custom. |
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Term
| What did asiaticus mean ? |
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Definition
| pale, yellow, stiff, ruled by belief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Black, relaxed, ruled by caprice. |
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Term
| What did Johann Blumenbach do ? |
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Definition
| established the most influential of all racial classifications in "On the Natural Variety of Mankind" . Invented the name caucausian, because he saw the most beautiful people he'd ever seen on the caucus mountains.. So he assumed that it was a probability that humans were first created in this area, since these humans appeared to just be so beautiful to him. |
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Term
| What was Blumenbach's racial classification composed of ? |
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Definition
| Caucasian, mongoloian, Ethiopian, American, and Malay ( only one not included in the original taxonomy) . |
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Term
| How was Blumenbach's classification system set up ? |
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Definition
| Caucasians at the top, then americans and malays, then Mongolians, and Ethiopians. |
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Term
| Who campaigned for the abolition of slavery, and defended the mental and moral unity of all peoples ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The geometer of Race used what as a guide to ranking ? Thus leading to which group being most beautiful ,and which group being degenerate ? |
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Definition
| Physical beauty; Europeans(Caucasians) most beautiful, and Ethiopians(Africans) most degenerate. |
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Term
| 20-30% of the average Afr-Am genetic material is contributed by ? |
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Definition
| European or American indian ancestors. |
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Term
| Bushel-basket scheme races are defined by what ? |
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Definition
| Sets of physical characteristics that cluster with some degree of predictability in particular geographic regions. For Ex: Asians = yellow skin, tight eyes, flat cheekbones. |
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Term
| Vast majority of human genetic variation occurs where? |
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Definition
| within populations, not between them. |
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Term
| Why do medical researchers believe in racial categories ? |
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Definition
| B/c there are racial differences in susceptibility to disease, infant mortality rates, life expectancy, etc. |
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Term
| What plays the true role in what the medical researchers discovered in terms of racial difference ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the SES Gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| At every level all the time, As SES increases, so does ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a group of populations whose individual members would interbreed with individuals of other populations of their group, but not with memebers of other species. All human populations belong to the same species. |
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Term
| What are the 3 reasons/explanations as to how the variability of traits come about ? |
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Definition
| Natural Selection, Sexual selection, and no known effect on survival. |
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Term
| What did Leonardo Davinci argue? |
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Definition
| climate was not a good explanation for racial differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is no one characteristic ascribed to all negroes in the highest degree. |
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Term
| what served as the transitional group between Europeans and Ethiopians ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's an example on how race classification presents problems of agreement ? |
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Definition
| For example, Voice differences or habitat differences lead to the same racial (subspecies) classification as differences in throat color because the same populations that differ in throat color also differ in voice and habitat |
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Term
| Where did racial classification come from ? |
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Definition
| Racial classification didn’t come from science but from the body’s signals for differentiating attractive from unattractive sex partners, and for differentiating friend from foe. |
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