Term
|
Definition
| always happens in favor of the concentration gradient. Based on kinetic energy of molecules which causes their movement. Obviously will depend on their concentration. Happens through membrane openings or intermolecular spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in favor of concentration gradient. there's a maximum limit depending on the carriers and their ability to undergo conformational changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of solvent and solute due to hydrostatic pressure gradient; passive process, wont require ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carrier typically a lipoprotein that binds to the substance and transports it to the other side. enzymes that use energy break the complex and the lipid-insoluble sunstance cant go back following the concentration gradient. carrier goes back to pick another. ex Na+/K+ pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka vesicular transport; endocytosis to incorporate substances into cell. phagocytosis- solids
pinocytosis- liquids
exocytosis- secrete or excrete substances from the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exact amt of pressure required to stop osmosis. Depends on the number of particles (concentration of the solution) NOT mass. measured in osmoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume |
|
|
Term
| what does the membrane potential arise from |
|
Definition
| interactions of ion channels and ion pumps embedded in the membrane, which produces different concentrations of electrically charged ions on the intracellular and extracellular sides of the memb |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the membrane potential |
|
Definition
-allows cell to function as a battery
- transmits signals to different parts of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the membrane of a cell can go for a long period of time without changing significantly ; membrane in the absence of excitation |
|
|
Term
| what are other possible membrane states |
|
Definition
| graded membrane potentials and action potentials |
|
|
Term
| what are action potentials |
|
Definition
| large all or nothing rises in membrane potential that usually follow a fixed time course |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons, muscle cells, secretory cells in glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the electrical difference that will balance a given concentration difference of univalent ions
emf (mvolts)= +- 61 (c/c) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before action potential begins; membrane is polarized during this stage because of the -90 mv negative membrane potential that is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Na+ rushes in (more sodium inside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium channels start closing and potassium channels open more than normal, K+ moves out, normal negative resting membrane potential reestablished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround the entire muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds a bundle of muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds individual muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of muscle |
|
Definition
| sarcomere; between 2 z discs |
|
|
Term
| what is interdigitation triggered and controlled by |
|
Definition
| the entrance of Ca2+ into troponin on the actin filament |
|
|
Term
| what is visceral muscle composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe smooth muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| small spindle shaped, centrally located nucleus |
|
|
Term
| describe skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| 20 times as wide thousands of times as long |
|
|
Term
| describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| poorly developed, t tubules absent, no striations |
|
|
Term
| how does the proportion and organization of myofilaments differ in smooth and muscle tissue |
|
Definition
1. ratio of thick to thin filaments is 1:16 vs 1:2 of skeletal muscle
2. tropomysin no toponin in sm muscle
3. no sarcomeres
4. no neuromuscular junctions; instead has varicosities
5. intermediate filaments and dense bodies instead of z disk |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 smooth muscle sheets |
|
Definition
longitudinal layer- long axis
circular layer- runs around the circumference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyclic contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of the organ |
|
|
Term
| what allows smooth muscles to transmit action potentials from cell to cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mechanism of smooth muscle parallel that described for skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
1. actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
2. the final trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium ion level
3. sliding process is energized by ATP |
|
|
Term
| Where does ionic calcium bind in smooth and skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
smooth: thick filaments
skeletal: thin filaments |
|
|
Term
| what are pace maker cells aka drummers |
|
Definition
-can depolarize spontaneously; self excitatory
-rate and intesnity mediated by chemical and neural stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tonic contraction of smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| what do all somatic nerve endings release |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine; always excites skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what happens when acetylcholine binds to ach receptors on smooth muscle cells in the bronchioles |
|
Definition
| smooth muscles contract strongly narrowing the bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| what happens when norepinephrine binds to norepinephrine receptors in the bronchioles |
|
Definition
| effect is inhibitory; smooth muslce relaxes dilating the air passageways |
|
|
Term
| what happens when norepinephrine bunds to cells in the blood vessels |
|
Definition
| the cells contract and constric |
|
|
Term
| what chemical factors can promote smooth muscle contraction or relaxation without an action potential |
|
Definition
| hormones, lack of oxygen, excess carbon dioxide, low pH |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gastrin |
|
Definition
| stimulates contractile activity of stomach smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the stress-relaxation response |
|
Definition
| allows hollow organs to become filled or to expand slowly (within certain limits) too accommodate an increased internal volume withouit promoting expulsive contractions; allows storage of urine |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of blood |
|
Definition
transport- o2, co2, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
regulation- body temp, pH, fluid volume
protection- prevents blood loss and infections |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of blood |
|
Definition
| plasma and formed elements |
|
|
Term
| what are the formed elements |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| multilobed nucleus; inconspicous cytoplasmic granules; phagocytize bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules; kills paratites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lobed nucleus; large blue granules, release histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spherical or indented nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm; mounts immune response by direct cell attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| u or kidney shaped nucleus; develops into macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| seals small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hb values for adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in the number of RBC
primary: vera
secondary: hypoxia of different origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decrease in number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
can be hemorrhagic, aplastic, hemolytic
-pernicious, iron deficinency, folic acid def |
|
|
Term
| what are conditions of abnormal hemoglobin |
|
Definition
thalassemias
sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes (b and t)
monocytes
phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease in wbc
-of toxic nature or bone marrow aplasia
-less than 1000, risk for infection, less than 500 life threatening |
|
|
Term
| what are causes of leukopenia |
|
Definition
| radiation, sle, anaaphylactic shock, chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are physiological causes of leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| infection, strenuous exercise, emotional changes, temp changes, drugs, anesthesia, surgery, pregnancy, toxins, hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are pathological causes of leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| malignancies and hematological disorder |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of leukemia |
|
Definition
acute or chronic
myelocytic or lymphocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelets; not real cells but fragments of the very large megakaryocytes
-essential for hemostasis by forming the temporary plug that seals the break and participates in the coagulation process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-platelet count below 100,000/mm3 of blood
-less 50,000 increased risk for hemorrhage with minor trauma
-b/n 10 and 15 000 spontaneous bleeding
less than 10,000 severe bleeding, can be fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraction of the blood composed of rbs as determined by centrifu |
|
|
Term
| what are events in hemostasis |
|
Definition
| vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, growth of fibrous tissue into the blood clot |
|
|
Term
| constriction of a vessels wall caused by nervous reflexes, local humoral factors and local myogenic spasm resulting in decrease in blood loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the limiting factor in causing blood coagulation |
|
Definition
| formation of pro-thrombin activator |
|
|
Term
| what is the plasma protein continually manufactured by the liver and vitamin k is required for its production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissue factor that activates extrinsic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does extrinsic pathway begin? |
|
Definition
| trauma to the vascular structures and or surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 steps to the extrinsic pathway |
|
Definition
1. release of tissue thromboplastin
2. activation of factor x to form activated factor x
3. effect of activated factor x to form prothrombin acivator |
|
|
Term
| how does the intrinsic pathway start |
|
Definition
| trauma to the blood itself or exposure to collagen in a traumatized vascular wall |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps in the intrinsic pathway |
|
Definition
1. activation of factor XII and release of plateletphospholipids
2. activation of factor XI
3. Activation of factor IX by activated factor XI
4. Activation of factor X
5. Formation of prothrombin activator |
|
|
Term
| how is factor X activated |
|
Definition
| activated factor IX + factor VIII + platelets and factor 3 |
|
|
Term
| what factor is missing in patients with classic hemophilia; aka anti-hemophilic factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the missing clotting factor in thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what begins the extrinsic pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates the intrinsic pathway |
|
Definition
| contact of factor XII and platelets with collagen in the vascular wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood without fibrinogen and clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
removes excess fluid, protein molecules, debris and other matter from the interstitial spaces
- its an accessory route by which fluid can flow from the interstitial spaces into blood carrying proteins and large particles away from the tissue spaces |
|
|
Term
| what does the interstitial lymphatics absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissues DONT have lymphatic channels |
|
Definition
-brain and cns
-superficial portions of the skin
-deeper portions of the peripheral nerves
-bones |
|
|
Term
| where does lymph from the right side of the head, neck, thorax and right arm drain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the right lymphatic duct join |
|
Definition
| ventricular circulation at the junction of the right subclavian vein and right interior jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| where is the rest of lymph drained from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the thoracic duct empty |
|
Definition
| at the junction of the left subclavian vein and the left interior jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| what amount of fluid filtered from the artery capillaries is filtered by the lymph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is lymph formed from |
|
Definition
| from the interstitial fluid flowing into the lymphatics; has same composition as the interstitial fluid that formed it |
|
|
Term
| what are lymphatic tissues |
|
Definition
| tonsils, spleen, thymus gland |
|
|
Term
| what causes blood to go from higher pressure zones to lower pressure zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the amount of blood flowing to a vessel, organ or the entire circulation in a given period of time
blood flow = diff in blood pressure/peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| how does polycythemia effect peripheral resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does anemia effect blood viscosity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if blood vessel length increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if blood vessel diameter increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main factor in determining peripheral resistance in arterioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is blood pressure highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is blood pressure lowest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for blood pressure |
|
Definition
| BP= CO x Peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is normal cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls short term changes of arteriole pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls long term changes in arteriole pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the 3 pressure regulatory mechanisms |
|
Definition
fast acting (seconds to minutes)
intermediate acting (30 minutes to hours)
long term (days and weeks) |
|
|
Term
| where are baroreceptors located |
|
Definition
| wall of large systemic areteries; aorta and carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
| how do baroreceptors work |
|
Definition
| increase in blood pressure causes baroreceptors to stimulate the vagal center causing vasodilation of veins, decrease in heart rate and strength of contraction; therefore cardiac output and peripheral resistance decreases causing a decrease in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| describe the cns ischemic model |
|
Definition
| decrease in flow to vasomotor center in the lower brain stem causes cerebral ischemia (increase in CO2). This acts on the sympathetic system causing vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what pressure regulating system acts on the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemoreceptor mechanism and cns ischemic mechanism are examples of what type of pressure regulating mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the chemoreceptor mechanism |
|
Definition
| decrease in oxygen and increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen causes stimulation of the vasomoter center, sympathetic reponse causes vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| where are chemoreceptors located |
|
Definition
| carotid and aortic artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the renin angiotensin mechanism |
|
Definition
| decrease in blood flow to kidneys, renin converts to angiotensin cuasing vasoconstriction and increased absorption of water and sodium in kidneys. increases aldosterone secretion and increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| list the intermediate acting pressure regulating mechanisms |
|
Definition
stress-relaxation
capillary fluid shift |
|
|
Term
| describe the stress relaxation response |
|
Definition
| increased blood pressure causes blood vessels to stretch causing dilation, causing a decrease in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| describe the capillary fluid shift |
|
Definition
| blood pressure is low in capillaries causes fluid absorption by osmosis causing increase in intravascular volume increasing blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are the long term pressure regulatory mechanisms |
|
Definition
| renin angiotensin and renal body fluid mechanism |
|
|
Term
| describe the renal body fluid mechanism |
|
Definition
| increase in volume in extracellular fluid causes increase in blood pressure causing increase in kidney excretion of water and sodium and decrease in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect blood pressure |
|
Definition
| co, peripheral resistance, blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme stored and synthesized as pro-renin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys; secreted when bp falls and acts by increase in arterial pressure |
|
|
Term
| what effect does epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the beta 1 receptors of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect does epinephrine have on the beta 2 receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is angiotenin 1 converted to angiotensis 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VASOCONSTRICTING= INC PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE= ACTS ON CORTEX OF SUPRARENAL GLAN RELEASING ADH |
|
|
Term
| what are the needs of the tissues |
|
Definition
-transport of hormones and enzymes
-o2 delivery
-glucose, AA, FA delivery
-co2 removal
- h+ removal
-maintenance of ion conc |
|
|
Term
| what organs have special requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ gets the most blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood flow when tissue metabolism increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when oxygen availability to tissues decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of homeostasis from start to end in blood clotting? |
|
Definition
| vascular spasm...platelet plug formation...coagulation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
The extrinsic pathway does not involve calcium ions.
...The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.
...The extrinsic pathway is slower than the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting.
The extrinsic pathway is independent of procoagulants. |
|
Definition
| The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overproduction of white blood cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cardiac cycle divided into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
| cardiac events that happen at the beginning of 1 cycle to the beginning of the next |
|
|
Term
| what initiates the action potential |
|
Definition
| spontaneous generation of action potential in the SA node |
|
|
Term
| what is the sequence the action potential follows in the heart |
|
Definition
| sa node, atria, av node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, cardiac fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the conductive system composed of |
|
Definition
| specialized muscle tissue which functions in impulse generation and transmission |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 characteristics of muscle cardiac fibers |
|
Definition
| transmissibility, excitability, automaticity, contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is the physiological pace maker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determined the opening and closing of valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closure of av valve
semilunar valves open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closure of semilunar valve
av valve open |
|
|
Term
| Erythropoietin is made primarily by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient who lacks intrinsic factor would likely develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overproduction of white blood cells is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sequence of hemostasis from start to end? |
|
Definition
| vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelet derived growth factor |
|
Definition
| stimulate blood vessel healing |
|
|
Term
| how can Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) develop |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus. HDN is unlikely to develop in an Rh- female's first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby. However, HDN can develop in a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ baby. |
|
|
Term
| would have type A and B agglutinogens |
|
Definition
| person with type AB blood |
|
|
Term
| would make antibodies to the A and B agglutinogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| would make antibodies to the B agglutinogen but not the A agglutinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| would make antibodies to the A agglutinogen but not the B agglutinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does right av valve open |
|
Definition
| during ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 5th intercostal space in line with the mid clavicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 2nd intercostal space, left margin |
|
Definition
| pulmonary semi lunar valve |
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 5th intercostal space right sternal margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue covers the leaflets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does right av valve open |
|
Definition
| during ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 5th intercostal space in line with the mid clavicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 2nd intercostal space, left margin |
|
Definition
| pulmonary semi lunar valve |
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sound do you hear at the 5th intercostal space right sternal margin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue covers the leaflets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any change in venous return has direct effect on the stroke volume and cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| inc venous return, inc strength of contractoin, increase stroke vulume, increase, inc cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doesnt depend on degree of stretch, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 comonents of the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
1. contraction phase
2. ejection phase
3. relaxation phase
4. filling phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 phases of ventricular diastole |
|
Definition
prodiastole
isometric relaxation
rapid inflow
diastasis
atrial systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vent closed muscle relaxing but not lengthening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid filling immed after opening av valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no blood flowing from atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial contraction increases ventricle filling |
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of ventricular systole (av closed) |
|
Definition
isometric contraction
rapid ejection
reduced ejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just after beginning of vent syst but before opening of semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar valve open and blood bushed into the great artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricle contracted but little blood poured out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to changes in oxygen and co2 concentration; aortic and carotid body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjust cardiac output to individuals body size. norm 2.5-4.2 |
|
|
Term
| what plays the biggest role in determining rate of blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fast; adjust blood flow 75% of tissue requirement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiogenesis, collateral circ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ischemic tissue
tissue growing rapidly
tissue with high metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| after initial collateral opening, how much of oxygen demand is met |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| within a day of collateral circ, how much of oxygen demand is met |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after a few days with collateral circ how much of oxygen demand is met |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by substances produced in the glands and transported to the whole body by blood or formed locally in tissue area producting only local ciculatory effects |
|
|
Term
| what are vasoconstrictor agents |
|
Definition
norepinephrine
epinephrine
angiotensin
vasopressin
endothelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bradykin, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vasodilator or vasoconstrictor |
|
|
Term
| what is the most vasoactive substance in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase in calcium causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
t/f
| [image] |
In the ventricles, the action potential travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls. |
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
t/f
Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
