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Movement in the 19th century that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of the slavic people of eastern europe and sought to unit those people politically in the ottoman territitories.
-advocated by russian leaders b/c it would weaken austria hungary empire
-germany supported Austria-Hungary
-Russia supported serbia/slavic people
-international stress |
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| an area in the ottoman empire that was fought over by: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romanis- led to WW1 |
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| region of Austria hungary made up of Serbs; serbs wanted independence (or to join Serbia); in south-easatern europe |
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| when a nation uses all forces and resources during a war |
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| an idea of nationalism- people with the same ethnic origins, political ideals, and language had the right to form its own sovereign state |
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| the building up of a nation's military operation for war (somtimes looking to the future) to grow armies and navies/ improve weaponry |
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pride in one's people/culture and government if one exists for their people
three forms
1) french hostility at the germans for the franco-prussian war, for taking Alsace-Lorraine, and for having the german crowned at versialles.
2) Pan-slavism- if serbia was ever affronted,russia would help-because of a cultural conneection (this also got russia further involved.
3) Serbian ultra nationalism- serbia was a seperate nation-but not all serbs lived in serbia. Some lived in bosnia. Serbs wanted that land to be a part of serbia. In bosnia, there was a militan group, called the "black hand" eight members sucessfully assassinated franz ferdinand |
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| tensions between germany and britian-governmetns built powerful navies to compete in timees of war(militarism) |
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| germany and Austria-hungary-protection from russian attack; fear of france attacking convinced germany to enter into this alliance |
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germany, austria hungary, and italy(wouldl protect eachother)-italy joins because it is afraid of frace, too
-germany(aware that france wanted revenge for alsace-lorraine) allied with austria hungary; italy once joined after being unhappy with french takeover of tunisia in africa- the "central powers/tripple alliance" |
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england, france, russia(alliance, would protect each other)
-france allied with russia(so they surrounded germany) and britian soon joined their alliance(british afraid of german imperial/industrial power)
-alliances may have fuelled war |
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french military plan which strategized attacks no matter the motives
-what to do if germany attacks
-four armies were to attack alsace-lorraine, one army to direct at nourther france
-germany attacks through north (belgium) |
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| when one country gets ready to fight a war |
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serbian terrorist group in bosnia getting funds from serbian government in bosnia, there was a militant group, called the "black hand" eight members successfully assassinated franz ferdinand.
-the assassination:serbs in bosnia assassinated the next austo-hungarian king |
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-list of demands
-on july 23, austria hungary sent serbia an ultimatum(a set of demands that must be accepted) this required serbia to put down all writing, teaching, demonstarting, and so on that was agianst Austria-Hungary.The ultimatum also demanded that serbia fire any officials opposed to austria-hungary, and that austria-hungary be allowed to send her own judges to serbia to conduct a trial of thosed invovled with the archduke's shooting. If the ultimatum was not answered positively within 48 hours, war would be declared on serbia |
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| belgium(reason for britian joing war), Italy(until 1915 wehn it joins allies), switzerland, norway, the netherlands, spain, sweeden, denmark all neutral. |
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| between germany and france and belgium |
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| between austria-hungary and russia |
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| between germany and italy |
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| between austria-hungary and russia |
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| romanians and greeks angains bulgaria and turkey |
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| turks agains russians in the black sea and the caucasus region(turkey does not want russia to expand into their territory further) |
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| Marne, (1915) western front, battle represents protection; allied defense of paris) germany stopped attacking paris after this batle |
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| french/german battle line near the sea- pushed there by the french who drove germans away from paris |
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soldiers dug ditches in which they fought geurilla style
-between enemy trenches was "no-man's land" usually litered with dynamite, gernades and other explosives
-army would charge across "no mans land" for offensive attacks |
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| an attempt to ware down one's enemy until theey cannot fight any more or they are out of supplies |
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| a long war in which one side is not doing significantly better than the other |
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| settled the balkan wars(1913) |
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area between enemy trenches littered with dynamite, gernades, and other explosives
armies charged for offensive attacks |
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1916
stalemate and attrician, in a month over 1 million soldiers dead:allies lost 583 thousand men, germans lost 510 men(allies claim they won the battle because germans retreated three quaters of a mile) |
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| great britian attacks german lines, little land exchanges hands, huge casualties-great britian introduces tank |
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| life at home- women worked more, propaganda |
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| slogans and advertisements that tried to sway the people for a cause |
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| japan did not send soldiers to fight. they spympathized with great britian in order to be able to take over german colonies in Asia. 800 thousand soldiers sent to the german colonies. |
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| april 1917: councils of workers and soldiers, called soviets, were formed throughout russiancities, arguing between soviets and the provisional government. |
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temporary government between Czar and Bolshevik takeover
-arguing within the government over the war and how to fix the economy |
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marx:1940s grew up in germany, witnessed industrialization and how bad it was for the middle class
-industrialization would lead to revolution, bourgeoise industrialization would be overthrown by the proletariat, equal education would lead to all people getting what they needed, abolition of private property
-dictatorship of the proletariat- lead to a pure democracy |
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radical group led by lenin
rook over in 1917 |
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: industrialization is not necessairy, bourgeoise and aristocratic beauracracy was unfair to majority- a revolutionary elit was necessairy to overthrow existing system
-abolition of private property
-an elit revolutionary dictatorship would distribut wealth based on need |
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| 1918-russia surrenders (under bolsheviks) give up 25% of land: finland,poland,ukraine. Devastating but germny unds up fighting. |
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| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
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germany attacks british and foreign commerce ships near britian's coasts
-these acts infuriated america (whose ships were sunk) and US declares war on germany |
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| peace between germany and britian |
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wilson's ideas for peace
league of namtions settle disputes among nations; self-determination for those in Austria Hungary; general decrease in arms; freedom to ship safely on the seas;address settlement of colonial problems; end of secret alliances |
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| treaty with allies and germany;german representative not allowed; |
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| germany forced to sign in 1918 created the treaty of versailles |
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flawed, eventually led to another war. countries involved; wilson(united states), orlando (italian president), great britian, and france
NO GERMAN REPRESENTATIVES BUT FORCED TO SIGN |
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| Goals of the treaty of versailles |
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to establish lasting peace
desire to at least restore the balance of power
some say france didnt want peace iwhth germany
germany lost land,colonies,military, allowed to keep 100 thousand soldiers, demilitarized the german-french border, and 56 billion in reparations, germany had to become a republic "had to admit war guilt" |
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| peace forum between nations |
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| hungarians gained indepence, serbians under austria-hungary(bosnia) gained their freedom, Pols gainsed independence |
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| end of treaty of versialles |
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| austria hungary ceased to exist it became austria nd hungary, serbia disappeared;serbia and bosnia all become Yugoslavia (meant all slavs) |
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| 1919 bulgaria accepts treaty; bulgaria cedes bits of land to the allies-larger chunks of land would destablize the region |
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| treaty between allies and austria so that it breaks off from Hungary |
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| treaty between allies and hungary sot that it breaks away from austria |
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| 1920-treaty between allies and ottoman empire, effectively disolved ottoman empire |
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| 1923-allied powers recognized the republic of turkey |
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| a group of nations who woked out issues through talks instead of war (wilson's brainchild, US did not participate) |
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| russian madate syastem, the czar is a linear line |
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| serbia disappeared; serbia and bosnia all become Yugoslavia (meant all slavs) |
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nation which lends money to others with interest for profit
us huge crditor nation in WW1 |
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| government seizes crops from peasants to give to cities and soldiers; peasants revolt as a result |
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Lenin's new economic policy
-temporary limited pirate ownership of companies-so that businesses could rebuild
-nationalism was pursued |
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1928-plans to immediately industrialize soviet union, had a command economy in which government controlled all production
-end of NEP
-Plans economyto compete with west, builds USSR into industrial giant
reaction to defeat in russo-jappanese, cream and WW1
focuses on dedication rescourses in agriculture and heavy machinery
limits production of consumer goods |
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government controls all the land, creates government-owned farms-effort to increase food productions;hopes to creat surplus and export it for profits to help pay for industrialization
-uses advanced technology
-attacked kulaks(prosperous peasants) they are sent to prison camps
-1932 famine in Ukraine- kulaks destroy cattle before giving it to stalin |
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Archduke of Austria-Hungary
- assasined in bosnia by black hand
-sets off spark for ww1 |
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member of black hand terrorrist group
-assasinated franz ferdinand |
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german, plan to avoid fighting war with france and russia
-devises plan to defeat france before russia mobilizes an army(he gets of outkirts of paris)
-failed attempt
- wants to do this by going through belgium, counting on england not to intervene, and russia not to attack before they reached paris |
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| philosopher; observeed that englishment WANTED war |
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last czar of russia
weak leader, but valued autocracy
internal problems threatened his rule
bloody sunday-he ordered the bullets to be shot |
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former chief of prussian general staff;predicted that the future wars would not end with a single battle, because the deafeat of a single nation would not be acknowleged until the whole strength of the people was broken
-he implemented the schliefen plan |
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| wrote poems while in war;fought on the western front, injured and then killed |
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| Gallipoli-1915- southern front, a failed attempt to get supplies to russia (winston churchill sent weapons to russia through turkish territory; showed that russia was alone) |
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leader of the bolseheviks;brought back to russia after exile in 1917 by the germans
-bourgeouise revolutionary
-marxist
-organized bolshevik political party
exhiled for treason prior to WW1 returned with help of germans in 1917 |
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| US leader during WW1 signed treaty of Versailled came up with fourteen points and league of nations |
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French leader during WW1,french secretary against german aggression france very angry with germany so he put harsh punishments in treaty
signed treaty of versilles |
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britians leader, wants to protect control of the seas, wants to control over german colonies in the middle east, and sykes pot agreement with france
signed treaty of versailles |
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britians leader, wants to protect control of the seas, wants to control over german colonies in the middle east, and sykes pot agreement with france
signed treaty of versailles |
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stalin pushe totsky out of the party
paranoia- thought otheres were plotting agains him so he used the secret police
foreign policy- use the comintern to stir up socialist revolutions in other counries |
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1934
command economy and production quotos, no quality conrol
require collectivization |
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| stalins cult of personality |
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soviet realism
staged public appearances
rallies and speeches
censorship |
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| 1905, fought for pocession of ottoman empire; strained european diplomatic ties contributed to breakout of WW1 |
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1913
states fought two wars for possession of territory held by the ottoman empire
strained european diplomatic ties
contibuted to breakout of WW1 |
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| 1917 a disastrous defeat for italy, italian forces only maintain a defensive line with help of french and british |
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| both sides blockaded enemy cities or cut off food supple to whole enemy populations |
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| a failed attempt to get supplies to russia put into plan by winston churchill- showed russia was alone |
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ottomans accused armenians of siding with russia
genocide in 1914-1916 |
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1904, fought over northern china; huge japanese victory; japan proved to the world that it was a major world power
humiliating for russia |
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opposition of czar nicholas, peasants dissatisfied, poor working class caused by increase of industrialization; demand for better housing and working conditions; middle calss demands democratic reforms, defeat from the russo-japanese war sets off uprisings
-bloody sunday |
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1918-1921 red army vs white army
revolution turns violent, russia signs treay of brest-litsvok
many civilians dead |
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| bolsheviks take over provisional government |
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czar abdicated throne, provisoinal government takes over
strike in petrograde, soldiers do not support Czar, and join uprisings |
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