Term
| Name the five types of Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
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Definition
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Lymphocytes: LGL(null/Killer), Mature B cells, Helper T and Suppressor T
Monocytes which turn into Macrophages |
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Term
| When are monocytes classified as Macrophages? |
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Definition
| travel from blood stream out to tissue and become known as macrophages |
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Term
| What are the four functions of blood? |
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Definition
1) TRANSPORT of substances from one area of the body to another
2) IMMUNITY: the body's defense against disease
3) HEMOSTASIS: the arrest of bleeding
4) HOMEOSTASIS: maintenance of a stable internal environment |
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Term
Red Cell Morphology:
What type of change in RBC includes large vairation in the size of RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
RBC morphology
What is the name of RBC that is larger than normal RBC?
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Definition
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Term
RBC morphology
Name the RBC type that is smaller than normal RBC. |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morpholgy
What type of RBC has a change in shape in which there is the presence of irregularly shaped RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
What type of RBC is characterized by spikes generated by alterations in the plasma environment? |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
Which RBC is characterized by fragments of red cells damaged during blood flow through abnormal blood vessels or cardia prostheses? |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
RBC characterized by normal appearance or red/orange color |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
Pale RBC with only a ring of deeply colored hemoglobin on the periphery (less color)
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
What is a small densely stained red cell with loss of biconcavity?
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
Name for a densely stained central area and a pale surrounding area |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
What is the name of the cell that serves as the stem cell for all other RBCs |
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Definition
| Ploripontent (uncommitted) stem cell |
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Term
RBC Morphology
Which hormone stimulates the differentiation of RBCs in the bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
RBC Morphology
Name the order in which RBCs are produced |
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Definition
Ploripotent uncommitted cell
normoblast
reticulocyte
then enters the blood stream through diapediesis
erythrocyte- mature blood cell (120 days) |
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Term
In what cases might there be a large number of reticulocytes circulating in the blood stream?
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Definition
| If a person is anemic or is suffering for certain types of cancer such as leukemia, then there will be a larger number of reticulocytes present because the body is trying to produce more RBCs quickly |
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Term
| How does a neutrophil kill foreign invaders? |
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Definition
| Uses NADPH to produce a superoxide ion that promotes killing of the invader via phagocytosis |
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Term
| What are the steps required for neutrophil killing? |
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Definition
1) recognition of foreign invader through cell-surface receptors
2) invagination of cell membrane which is facilitated when the bacteria are coated with host defense proteins, opsonins
3) phagosome formation: bacteria exposed to enzymes that were originally positioned on the cell surface. NADPH oxidase is activated, secretion of the superoxide into the phagosome causing an oxidative burst
4) killing of pathogens |
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Term
What is the most prevalent leukocyte?
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Definition
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Term
| Which leukocyte serves as the first defensive? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a neutrophil kill foreign invaders? |
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Definition
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Term
| What initiates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade? |
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Definition
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Term
What initiates the intrinsic factor of the coagulation cascade?
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the pathways of the coagulation cascade combine? |
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Definition
| Factor X (Stuarts factor) |
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Term
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
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Definition
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Term
| Where do immune cells mature to become immunocompetent? |
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Definition
| thymus and bone marrow- primary lymphoid organs |
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Term
Which type of lymphocytes begin patrol upon immediate release from the bone marrow?
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Definition
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Term
| Which lymphocytes must undergo maturation in the Thymus upon leaving the bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells release factors that increase blood flow and vascular permeability, bringing components of immunity to the site of infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do mast cells undergo phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are some pathogens coated with opsonins? |
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Definition
| To make them more attractive to phagocytosis by free radicals and enzymes |
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Term
| Why are pathogens tagged or opsonized? |
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Definition
| For phagocytosis or destruction by free radicals and enzymes |
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Term
| IgG and C3b are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased number of neutrophils in the blood is a marker of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a laboratory marker for______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of Atopic diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Atopic diseases are types of what diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Food allergy is what type of disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| systemic anaphylaxis is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| newborn hemolytic anemia is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood transfusion rxns are an example of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is serum sickness |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is glomerulonephrits |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is farmer's lung |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is contact dermatitis |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is photoallergic dermatitis |
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Definition
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Term
| What classification of disease is celiac disease |
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Definition
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Term
| immunodeficiency disorders can be caused by? |
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Definition
| Primary causes or by illness in a previously healthy person (secondary) |
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Term
| What is an autoimmune disorder? |
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Definition
| Immune response against the body's own tissue |
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Term
| Where are action potentials successively generated in saltatory conduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What appears in mylenated axons to jump form one node to the next? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of saltatory conduction? |
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Definition
| faster conduction velocity for myelinated than unmyelinated axons |
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Term
| What is the function of Dopamine? |
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Definition
affect, reward, control of movement
(monoamine) |
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Term
| What is the function of Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
affect, alertness
(monoamine) |
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Term
| What is the function of Serotonin? |
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Definition
mood, arousal, modulation of pain
(monoamine) |
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Term
| What is the function of Acetylcholine? |
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Definition
control of movement, cognition
(monoamine) |
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Term
| What is the function of GABA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Glycine |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of glutamate |
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Definition
general excitation, sensation
(AA) |
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Term
| What is the function of Substance P |
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Definition
transmission of pain
(polypeptide) |
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Term
| What is the function of opioid peptides |
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Definition
control of pain
(polypeptide) |
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Term
| What is the function of nitric oxide |
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Definition
vasodilation, metabolic signaling
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of NTs |
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Definition
| Amino Acid, aminergic (monoamine), polypeptide |
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Term
| What is the general function of NTs |
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Definition
| to convey signals from nerve to nerve to nerve to effector |
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Term
| What are the best known membrane soluble NTs |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide and arachidonic acid |
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Term
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Definition
1) Action potential causes release of NT from the terminal
2) these bind to receptors located on target cells
3) binding causes flow of ions across the membrane of the postsynaptic cell
4) temporary redistribution of ionic charge can lead to the generation of action potential
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Term
| What is critical for the transmission of information between cells? |
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Definition
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