Term
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Definition
| fluid that is contained within cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that is located outside cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that is located outside cells and found in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that is located outside cells and found outside the blood |
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Term
| Define homeostasis and explain how it enables the body to adapt to changes in the environment. |
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Definition
| Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. If something gets out of whack the body will send out a messenger and a series of things will happen to bring it back down or up to normal. |
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Term
| What are the two major systems that control homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Nervous and endocrine systems |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion has an uneven number of protons and electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| cation is a positively charged and loses electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| an anion is a negatively charged and gains electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond shares electrons and is strong. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ionic bond is weak and does not share electrons. |
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Term
| 1. What is a polar covalent bond? How does this type of bond contribute to the cohesion of water molecules? |
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Definition
| A polar covalent bond is a bond in which there are regions of negative or positive charge. Hydrogen is positively charged and oxygen is negatively charge and opposites attract. |
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Definition
| liquid in which solutes dissolve |
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Definition
| substance dissolved in liquid |
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Definition
| the amount of the solute present in a unit volume of solution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of organic molecules in the body? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates; lipids; nucleic acids; proteins. |
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Term
| What is the most prevalent monosaccharide found in the plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the polysaccharide stored in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the polysaccharides stored in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. Peptide bonds join what monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. Name and briefly describe the functions of the four tissue types in the body. |
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Definition
| epithelial-consists of epithelia and glands; connective; muscle; nervous. |
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Term
| Where is the genetic information of a cell stored? |
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Definition
| In the DNA in the chromosome in the nucleus. |
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Term
| 1. What is a metabolic pathway? |
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Definition
| Sequence of enzymes mediated reactions a->b->c->d |
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Term
| 1. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? |
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Definition
| Catabolism- degrades substrate into simpler and smaller products- breakdownAnabolism -synthesizes that results in a more complex and larger- build up |
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Term
| 1. What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| They act as catalyst that make the pathway occur and they speed up the process and control biomedical reactions. |
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Term
| Describe the process of covalent modulation. What is its importance for the functioning of enzymes? |
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Definition
| Covalent bonding of charged chemical groups that alter the configuration of a binding site. It is important in the functioning of enzymes because when you change the shape you change the function and it speeds things up. |
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Term
| 1. What is the difference between the active site and the functional site of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| A molecule goes in the active site and changes the affinity of the functional site. And the functional site carries out a proteins function. |
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Term
| 1. Describe what is meant by end-product inhibition. How and why does it occur? |
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Definition
| End-product inhibition ends the production of a product and occurs when there is enough of something. |
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Term
| 1. What is an inborn error of metabolism? |
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Definition
| Error due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical attraction strengh of attraction of a binding site ofa ligand important at the active site. |
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Term
| allosteric regulation (modulation) |
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Definition
| non covalent bindingt oregulatory site that alters the ahpe of covalent modulation; same except for the covalency; important funtional site is alters changes what protein is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that is bound to the surface of a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| changes a proteins acgivity by covalent modulation; phosphate group attaches to molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme causeing the phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme removing phosphate |
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Term
| 1. What is ATP? What is its significance for cellular functioning? |
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Definition
| Compound that serves as a primary direct energy source for cell activities; cell depends on ATP for energy which is used to do biological work; example-contraction in muscle. |
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Term
| 1. How does the composition of the plasma membrane affect how molecules and ions can cross it? |
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Definition
| Plasma membrane is selectively permeable and can be altered when altered different things can cross it; phospholipids bilayer- hydrophilic heads hydrophobic tails. |
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Term
| 1. What is meant by the statement that plasma membranes are selectively permeable? |
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Definition
| Only lets certain things pass through it. |
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Term
| 1. What determines the chemical driving force? the electrical driving force? the electrochemical force? |
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Definition
| chemical- concentration; electrical- charge; electrochemical- both. |
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Term
| 1. What are the differences between active and passive transport? |
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Definition
| Active requires energy and passive doesn’t not require energy. |
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Term
| What is diffusion? What is facilitated diffusion? How are they the same and how are they different? |
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Definition
| Diffusion is movement of molecules form a high to low concentration; facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins the move; they both are diffusing but facilitated has to use a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane to an area of higher solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| olution with greater concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| solution with lower concentration of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| same concentration of solutes |
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Term
| If the extracellular fluid of a cell becomes hypertonic, such as in dehydration, what will happen to the cell size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does specificity and saturation play in carrier transport? |
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Definition
| they are specific to certain molecules and saturation means that it can only transport so much. |
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Term
| What are protein pumps? What is their function? Why are they named with ATPase in the name? |
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Definition
| Protein pumps are like channel and gates just made of protein are a means of transportation for molecules to go through a membrane. They are named with ATPase because they break down ATP. |
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Term
| What role do pumps play in membrane transport? |
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Definition
| Pumps transport and serve as enzyme to break down ATP; it can either fuse with a lysosome or is passed through the cell to the other side. |
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Term
| 1. Describe the steps in how the Na+/K+ ATPase pump works |
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Definition
| Non phosphorated carrier is attracted(affinity) to Na. the carrier undergoes posphorylation which changes the conformation and decreases its attraction to Na and increase its attraction to K. P1 is removed (dephosphorylation) and the carrier returns to its original conformation and loses its attraction to K. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of endocytosis in which large particles are engulfed and destroyed by lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and the vesicle opens and its contents enter the ECF; add component to plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane folds into the cell forming small pockets that pinch off to produce intracellular, membrane-bound vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule can pass right through cell tissue and is released on the other side |
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Term
| 1. Distinguish among a paracrine, hormone, and neurotransmitter. Of those three, with which would the effects last the longest? |
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Definition
| Paracrine-a substance secreted by a cell into extracellular fluid diffuses to adjacent cells.Hormone- enters into blood stream and circulates realeased by endocrine cellsNerotransmitter-released by nueron and diffused close.Hormones effects would last the longest. |
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Term
| What determines whether a chemical messenger requires a protein carrier in the plasma |
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Definition
| Whether a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic |
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Term
| What is meant by receptor activation |
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Definition
| A messenger is released and is binded to a receptor to change its shape. Then binding initiates a sequence of events, leading to a cells response |
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Term
| Generally, how does receptor location differs for lipophilic and lipophobic messengers |
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Definition
| Lipophilic receptors are inside the cell and lipohophbic receptors are on the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A ligand-gated channel is an ion channel that opens or closes in response to the binding of a chemical to a receptor or to the channel. |
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Term
| Explain the difference between a fast-ligand gated channel and a slow-gated ligand channel. |
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Definition
| A fast-ligand gated channels have the receptor and channel are the same protein and the slow channels have the receptor and channel with different proteins and are coupled together by a G protein. |
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Term
| 1. What is a G protein? How is it activated and what is its function? What is meant by heterotrimeric structure? |
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Definition
| A G protein is a linked receptor that activates an intermediary which affects gate opening and closing. heterotrimeric means that it has 3 parts alpha beta and gamma |
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Term
| 1. What are second messenger systems? Why are they necessary? |
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Definition
| Second messenger systems account for most of the communication through G protein-regulated enzymes. They activate kinases. |
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Term
| Describe the steps which occur that form cAMP. |
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Definition
| First messenger binding to receptor on membrane activates G protein which activates enzyme and then AC catalyzes the conversion of ATP into Cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
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Term
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Definition
| cAMP activates protein kinases. |
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Term
| 1. Describe how a chemical messenger which activates cAMP could turn on a metabolic pathway. |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymes and in the activation of cAMP the chemical messenger is making a reaction for a chain of events to happen |
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Term
| What is the role of phosphodiesterases |
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Definition
| Phosphodiesterases deactivate cAMP |
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Term
| What would be the effect on cell functioning if a substance inhibits a phosphodiesterase? |
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Definition
| If it was inhibited then the cAMP would continue to be made. |
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Term
| Explain the concept of signal amplification |
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Definition
| Small amount of messenger can elicit large response in cell. |
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Term
| Explain the terms agonist and antagonist as related to receptor activation. |
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Definition
| Agonist-chemical binds, initiate cell responseAntagonist- binds, blocks other substances, no action |
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Term
homeostasis requires cell to cell comomunication via 2 chemical messengers what are they |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters and hormones |
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Term
| in homeostasis 2 major control systems are... |
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Definition
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Term
| in homeostasis 2 primary effectors are... |
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Definition
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Term
what are three inorganic molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| What do organic molcules contain |
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Definition
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Term
| substances are dissolved beause they are charged and water molecules can form ____ around them |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
form genetic material, DNA RNA transfer energy ATP |
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Term
| what is the function of a cell dependent on |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| aggregatiosn of similar cells that perform specific funtions |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of cells which covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passageway. |
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Term
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Definition
secretory structures derived from epitelia secretion transport and protection |
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Term
| what are specialized cell junctions |
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Definition
| tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotides; sugar, phosphates,and bases (adenine, thymine, cytocine, guanine) |
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Term
| complimentary base pairing |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 essential functions of DNA |
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Definition
| Replicate and containing instructions |
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Term
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Definition
| the duplications and splitting of two identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide sequence of the DNA which codes for a specific protein product |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of three nucleotides "codes for" a particular amino acid. |
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Term
| after proteins are assembled what three things can happen to them? |
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Definition
1.used by the cell 2.exported as a product of a cell 3.packaged and held inside the cell until somthing signals its release |
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Term
| RNA definition and what is its function |
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Definition
nucleic aid found inthe cuclei and in the cytoplasm funtion- to assemble proteins as "directed" by the DNA |
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Term
| what are the three types of RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of making an RNA strand from a DNA template triplets are transcribed to mRNA to form codons by complimentary base pairing (uracil substituted for thymine |
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Term
what does rRNA do in translation |
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Definition
| reads the mRNA codon and translates it |
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Term
| what does mRNA do in translation |
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Definition
| delivers the directions to ribosomes, reads the ribosomes, and then leaves the nucleus and enter cytosol |
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Term
what does tRNA do in translation |
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Definition
| It contains anticodon and picks up amino acid and delivers to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed permanently therby |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as a biological catalyst and speeds up the rate of reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| noncovalent binding to regulatory site alters the shape of the functional site |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent binding of charged chemical group alters configuration of binding site |
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Term
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Definition
| time when the cell is not dividing and it is functioning |
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Term
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Definition
directly- gap junctions indirectly- chemical messengers |
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