Term
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Definition
| The study of the structure and relationships of the parts of the body *Concrete Science |
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Definition
| Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (can be viewed 3 different ways) |
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Definition
| All structures in one part of the body (ex: muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc. in the abdomen or leg) |
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| Gross anatomy studied by systems (ex: cardiovascular, digestive) |
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Definition
| Internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (ex: feel pulse, identify muscles) |
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| Microscopic Anatomy -ology =“study of” |
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Definition
| Study of structure too small to be seen with naked eye |
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| Traces structural changes throughout the body (including before birth) |
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| study of developmental changes before birth |
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| Specialized branches of anatomy |
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Definition
| pathology, radiology, and molecular anatomy |
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Definition
| Study of structural changes caused by disease (ex: tumor , pus, hemorrhage, hypertrophy) |
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Definition
| Study of internal structures by x-ray or scan (looking at: density, abnormalities, fractures, diseases) |
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Definition
| Study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level (what cell is composed of: nucleic acid, proteins, carbs, fats, inorganic molecules) |
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Definition
| Study of the function of the body parts |
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| Physiology relies on physics principles |
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Definition
| Movement of ions- currentMuscles and bone movement- levers |
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Term
| Principle of complementarity of structure and function |
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Definition
| Function is a reflection of structure[image] Bones; support and protect due to hardness[image] Muscles; move due to contractile proteins |
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Definition
| Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
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| Molecules are organized into cells |
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Definition
| Similar cell types form a tissue |
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Definition
| Tissues combined to form organs |
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Definition
| Different organs working together |
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Definition
| Total result of combined organ systems |
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Definition
| Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
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Definition
| Separate external and internal environmentCellular level- plasma membraneOrganism level- integumentary system (skin) |
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Definition
| Locomotion, peristalsis (tubes), contractility (muscle tissue) |
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Definition
| Sense and respond to changes in the environment |
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Definition
| Extract nutrients from the environment |
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions in the body. After digestion, the breaking down of food into the smallest component possible. |
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Definition
| process in which living cells break down into simpler substances |
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Definition
| energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances |
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Definition
| Elimination of waste product |
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| Cellular- for body growth or repairOrganismal- creating a new person (reproduction system) |
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Definition
| Increase in size of a cell, body part, or organism |
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Definition
| Nutrients, oxygen, water, maintenance of body temperature, atmospheric pressure(All factors should be present in appropriate amounts to support life) |
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Definition
| Obtained from plants and animal sources Carbs and fats- fuel Proteins and fats- build cell structures Minerals and vitamins- reactions, oxygen transport, bone structure, bone clotting |
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Definition
| Obtained from air Oxidative reactions- to use nutrients |
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Definition
| Obtained from food and liquids. 60-80% of body weight. Base for chemical reaction, base for body secretions(hormone) and excretion (urine) |
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Term
| Maintenance of body temperature |
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Definition
| 98.6°F or 37°CDecrease- metabolism slowsIncrease- reaction rate increases, proteins denature, reaction stops |
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Term
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Definition
| Force being exerted on body surface, impactsBreathing air in and out of lungsGas exchange between lungs and blood |
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Definition
| The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment even with changing external environment. Stable not static (not changing) |
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Term
| Internal environment is in… |
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Definition
| Dynamic equilibrium (balance) |
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Term
| All organ systems work together to stay balanced |
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Definition
| CVS- carries O₂ and CO₂Digestive system- provides nutrients to blood and removes wasteUrinary system- removes wastePulmonary system- exchanges gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Change or something that causes environment to change |
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Term
| Variable (factor or event being regulated)3 components |
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Definition
| receptor, control center, effector |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors environment, detects change, and sends information (input to the control center) along afferent pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the set point (the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained) and determines response and sends output along efferent pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a means o response to the change |
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Definition
| forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands |
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Definition
| protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones, stores minerals |
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Definition
| allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat |
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Term
| lymphatic system/ immunity |
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Definition
| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; deposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The imune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |
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Definition
| keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |
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Definition
| breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces |
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Definition
| fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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Definition
| glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrients use (metabolism) by body cells |
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Definition
| blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc.; the heart pumps blood |
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Definition
| eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and aicd-base balance of the blood |
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Term
| male and female reproductive systems |
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Definition
| overall function i production of offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn |
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Definition
| Occupies space and has mass |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Solid- has volume and shape2. Liquid- has volume and assumes shape of container3. Gas- no definite shape or volume |
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Definition
| The capacity to do work.[image] Measured by its effect on matter[image] Has no mass and takes up no space |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stored energy or energy of position |
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Term
| Kinetic and potential energy |
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Definition
| Can be converted each into the other forms of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The energy stored in chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from the movement of charged particles. In the body, electrical charges exist as ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly involving moving matter |
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Term
| Electromagnetic or radiant energy |
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Definition
| Travels in waves (heat, light x-ray, microwave, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| [image] All matter is composed of elements[image] These are substances that cannot be broken down into other components by ordinary chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
| [image] The smallest particle to maintain the properties of an element[image] Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| central core of an atom made up of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a particle with a positive (+) charge |
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Term
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Definition
| a particle with no (0) charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Each have the same approximate mass (1 amu) |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons dictates the identity of the element |
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons added to the number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
Atoms of an element that have differing amu because of different numbers of neutrons. Example: Carbon12 g 6 protons 6 neutronsCarbon13 g 6 protons 7 neutronsCarbon14 g 6 protons 8 neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| particles that carry a negative (-) charge that is equal in strength to the positive (+) charge of a proton[image] Mass is negligible: given an amu of 0[image] Electrical balance: number of electrons equals the number of protons, so atoms are electrically neutral |
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Term
| Models of atomic structure |
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Definition
Planetary model and orbital model (e-cloud) Know the difference |
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Term
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Definition
Region occupied by e-clouds represent different energy levels. each shell holds a specific number of e- |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Chemical bonds involve sharing or transfer of e-2. Only e- in the outermost shell participate in bonding.3. Reactive elements have an unfilled outermost shell |
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Term
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Definition
| is achieved when the outermost shell is full or has 8e-Atoms with a full outer shell are chemically inert |
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Term
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Definition
| Except for shell #1, atoms react in such a way as to obtain 8e- in their outermost shell The number of e- that can participate in bonding is limited to 8 |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost shell containing reactive e- |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Ionic2. Covalent3. Hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| The atom that gains e- attains a net (-) charge |
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Term
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Definition
| The atom that loses e- attains a net (+) charge |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of e- from one atom to another |
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Term
| Formation of an ionic bond |
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Definition
| Because the atoms have opposite charges, they are held in association with each other, resulting compound is called a salt, exists in the form of crystals rather than individual molecules. Most ionic bonds form between atoms with one or two valence e- and atoms with 7 valence e-. (i.e. metals and halogen) |
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Term
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Definition
| The sharing of pairs of e-. the shared e- occupy an orbital shared by both atoms |
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Term
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Definition
One pair of shared e-Examples:nHydrogen
H + H ® H2 (H-H)nCarbon + 4 Hydrogen
C + 4H ® CH4 |
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Term
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Definition
Two pairs of shared e-Examples:nOxygen O + O ® O2 (O = O)nCarbon + 2 Oxygen
C + 2O ® CO2 (O = C = O) |
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Term
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Definition
Three pairs of shared e- Examples: Nitrogen
N + N ® N2 (N º N) |
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Term
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Definition
| The shape of a molecule and a characteristic of uneven electron sharing |
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Term
| Covalent bonded molecules may be… |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Are electrically balanced and do not have (+) and (-) poles |
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Term
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Definition
| Have areas that are relatively more (+) or (-) charged. Often these molecules are asymmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom that is e- hungry, usually a small atom with 6 or 7 valence e- |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom with low e- attraction, usually 1 or 2 valence e- |
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Term
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Definition
| A function of polarity. H already covalently bound in a polar molecule as attracted to an electronegative atom (usually O or N). |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Responsible for the surface tension of water2. Weaker than ionic and covalent bonds3. More of an attraction or tendency than a true bond*IMPORTANT: Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many intra-molecular bonds that give molecules their specific shape. |
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Term
| Chemical reactions H + H ® H2Reactants Products Subscript number = bonded atoms C + 4H ® CH4 molecular formulaPrefix number = unjoined atoms |
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Definition
| Occur when chemical bonds are formed, broken or rearranged |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a chemical bond between 2 atoms forms a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
A molecule formed by 2 atoms of the same element H₂ = hydrogen molecule |
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Definition
A molecule formed by bonding unlike elements CH₄ = methane molecule |
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Term
| Three basic types of mixtures |
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Definition
| Solutions, colloids, and suspensions |
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Term
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Definition
| A homogenous mixture (solid, liquid, or gas) |
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Definition
| The component of a solution present in the great amount (ex: water) |
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Definition
| The component present in the smaller amount (ex: salt) |
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Term
| Colloid (also called an emulsion) |
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Definition
| [image] Larger particles (heterogeneous )do not settle out[image] Usually hazy in appearance (i.e. jello, intracellular fluid) |
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Term
| Suspension (heterogeneous) |
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Definition
| Large particles that tend to settle out (i.e. sand in water or blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the amount o solute in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of solute per 100 parts solution (i.e. 3g of NaCl in 100cc = 3g% solution) |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of concentration based on metric calculations[image] Based on the atomic weight or molecular weight (combined atomic weights in a molecule)[image] Mole: the atomic weight (or molecular weight) expressed in grams |
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Term
Avogadro’s number 6.02 X 10²³ |
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Definition
| A mole of a substance contains a fixed number of particles (atoms or molecules) |
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Term
Synthesis or combination reaction (Anabolic) |
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Definition
| Involves bond formation; construction |
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Term
Decomposition reaction (Catabolic) |
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Definition
| The breaking of bonds; a degradation or deconstructive process |
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Term
| Exchange or displacement reaction |
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Definition
| Combines synthesis and decomposition; reactions change partners or proportions |
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Term
Oxidation/Reduction reaction (Also called Redox) |
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Definition
| A decomposition reaction in which e- are exchanged between reactionsOxidation: the e- donor is oxidizedReduction: the e- recipient is reduced(in some cases the e- is not completely exchanged but the e- sharing is altered in covalent bonds) |
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Term
| Energy flow (reactions classified on consumption or release of energy) |
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Definition
| Exergonic reaction: release energy, provide energy that can be used, products have less energy than reactants, catabolic or oxidativeEndergonic reaction: absorb energy, products contain more potential energy than reactants, typically anabolic reactions |
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Term
| Reversibility of chemical reactions |
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Definition
| All reactions are theoretically capable of running either way (reversibility) |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the reaction reaches a “steady state” (no changes in amounts of reactants or products) |
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Definition
| The chemical composition and reactions of living matter |
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Term
| Compounds are classified as… |
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Definition
| Organic (containing carbon except for CO₂) and inorganic (water, salts, no carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
| Water, salts, Acids and bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins |
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Term
| proerties that make water vital |
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Definition
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, cushioning, and reactivity |
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Term
| water's high heat capacity |
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Definition
| relatively resistant to changes in temperature by internal or external means, redistributes heat in body |
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Term
| water's high heat of vaporization |
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Definition
| large amount of heat is required to break hdrogen bonds... important to sweat |
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Term
| water's polar solvent properties |
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Definition
| because of water's polaritty, ionic compunds dissociate in water; water forms hydration layers around large charged molecule (ie proteins); as a solvent water is the transport medium for nutrients, gases and metabolic products/wastes |
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Term
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Definition
hydrolysis- addind an H2O molecule to a molecular bond to break the bond dehydration synthesis- extracting as H2O molecule to form a molecular bond |
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Term
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Definition
| in membranes around body organs (ex: fluid around brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| all ions are electrolytes in that they carry electric current in solution |
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Term
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Definition
(proton donors) release H+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
| (proton acceptors) hydroxides release OH- in a solution. * other significant bases: HCO3- and NH3 |
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Term
pH: acid/base concentration ph= -log[H+] |
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Definition
aicdic: pH 0-6.99 neutral: pH 7 bascic: pH 7.01-14 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of acid and base, forming water and salt |
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Term
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Definition
| resist abrupt changes in pH; accept H+ in an acid solution; release H+ in a basic solution |
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Term
| buffers are weak acids and bases |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (all carbon containing) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids *in all living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules with the same chemical formulas but different arrangement of the atoms and thus different chemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| two monosaccharides jioned by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of linked monosaccharides. relatively starch (storage CHO of plants) and glycogen (storage CHO of animals) |
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Term
| starch and glycogen differ... |
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Definition
| in the degree of branching |
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Term
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Definition
| chainlike molecules made of many similar units |
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Term
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Definition
| redox reactions- glucose molecules are broken and release energy that is used to form ATP; When ATP supplies areadequate glucose is stored as glycogen and fat (some CHO are structural like in DNA, in RNA and sugars in cell membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
neutral fats, phospholipids, and steriods. all contain C, H, and O with
O in smaller proportions than in carbohydrates |
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Term
neutral fats (triglycerides) |
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Definition
3fatty acids + 1glyerol formed by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ...tend to form solids. only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms C-C |
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Term
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Definition
...tend to be liquid. one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms C=C |
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Term
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Definition
| modified triglycerides glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains (nonpolar) and one phosphorus containing group (polar) |
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Term
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Definition
| have both polar and nonpolar regions |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid with the structure of four interlocking rings |
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Term
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Definition
| dietary form of steroid and basic steriod in the body; source molecule for steriod hormones, vitamin D, bile, salts, and cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in all cell membranes *prostaglandins; important in blood clotting, inflammation, and labor contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| amino aicds linked by peptide bonds (20 different amio aicds occur commonly) |
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Term
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Definition
| an amine group(-NH2), a carboxyl group(-COOH), and a variable R group |
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Term
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Definition
bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule 2AA = dipeptide 3AA = tripeptide 10 or more AA = polypeptide 50AA = protein |
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Term
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Definition
| large, complex molecules containing from 100 to 10,000 amino acids |
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Term
| primary protein structure |
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Definition
| structure resembles strand of amino acid "beads", is the backbone of the protein molecule |
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Term
| secondary protein structure |
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Definition
alpha helix- coiled beta pleated sheet- folded in pleats |
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Term
| tertiary protein structure |
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Definition
| secondary struces folded together |
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Term
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Definition
two or more polypeptide chains aggregrate in a regular manner to form a complex protein |
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Term
fibrous protein (structural proteins) |
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Definition
| insoluble in water and stable (collagen, keratin, elastin) |
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Term
globular proteins (functional proteins) |
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Definition
| spherical, water soluble, functional (antibodies, hormones, enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
| largest molecules in body: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| structural base of nucleic acid consisting of three components: a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Term
| five major nitrogenous bases that contribute to nucleic structure |
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Definition
| genetic material; found in the cell nucleus; provides instructions for cellular protein synthesis and replicates itself before cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| double helix; cross linkage between pyrimidines and purines; A-T and G-C are complimentary bases |
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Term
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Definition
| carries DNA instructions, single strand, bases are A, G, C, and U |
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Term
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) structure |
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Definition
| adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphates |
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Term
| ATP functions- energy transfer |
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Definition
| glucose is broken down; release of energy; energy from glucose is trapped in bonds of ATP |
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Term
| ATP delivers energy to cellular processes |
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Definition
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Term
| also cleavage of phosphate from ATP releases energy + Pi |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. the cell is the structural and functional unit of life 2. the activity of an organism depends on the indivdual and collective activities of its cells 3. principle of complimentary 4. continuity of life has a cellular basis |
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Term
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Definition
all cells have a similar structure plasma membrane, cytoplasm,organelles, nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the small structures in the cytoplasm the perform specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| depicts the PM as an exceedingly thin structure composed of a double layer, or bilayer, of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed in it |
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Term
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Definition
| a double layer of phospholipids lying tail to tail |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophilic (water loving) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic (water hating) |
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Term
| Imbedded in the bilayer are... |
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Definition
| cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and glycoproteins |
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Term
| Plasma Membrane inner and outer layers differ... |
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Definition
| ... in lipid content and type |
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Term
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Definition
| found on the outer layer: (CHO + phospholipid) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts to stabilize the membrane |
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Term
| Unsaturated phospholipids |
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Definition
| make up most of the PM; structure of unsaturated phospholipids causes the molecules to be loosely packed |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of more densely packed molecules formed with saturated fats such as sphingolipids and cholesterol |
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Term
| proteins in plasma membrane are... |
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Definition
| ...imbedded/attached to PM; Account for about 50% of the PM; Responsible for most specialized functions |
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Term
| Two populations of proteins |
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Definition
| integral proteins and peripheral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| firmly imbedded in the PM; Most integral proteins span the entire PM |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely attached to PM; Help stabilize or modify shape (cytoskeleton); Enzyme or Enzyme systems; Serve as structural elements, linking sites, recognition sites |
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Term
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Definition
| (CHO + protein) are associated with the outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| CHO rich area surrounding the cell (glycolipids + glycoproteins) |
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Term
| Functions of Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| Transport, Enzymatic activity(cause molecules to change shape), Receptors for signal transduction (sends something across membrane)Functions of Membrane Proteins, Intercellular adhesion, Cell-cell recognition, Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple projections of PM act to increase the surface area |
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Term
| three factors that bind cells together... |
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Definition
1. glycoprotein as an adhesive 2. contoured fit 3. special membrane junctions are formed |
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Definition
| tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse together (interlocking like snaps) |
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Definition
| anachoring junctions -- mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the side of abutting cells that prevent their separation (linking) |
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Definition
| a communicating juction between cells; channel proteins link together |
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Definition
| channel between cells; allows passage of ions and small hydrophilic molecules |
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Definition
| allows some subtances to pass while excluding others |
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Term
| substances move across th PM two ways |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| requires no energy expenditure by the cell |
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Definition
| require energy expenditure by the cell (ATP) |
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Term
| two types of passive transport |
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Definition
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Definition
| the spreading of particles in a gas or soultion with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles |
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Term
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Definition
| the unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle |
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Definition
| assisted diffusion, binds to proteins carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through water-filled protein channels |
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Definition
| diffusion of a solvent (water) |
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Definition
| water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins |
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Definition
| the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume (tono= tension) |
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Definition
| concentration equal so no net H2O exchange |
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Term
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Definition
concentration onthe outside is lower than inside: H2O -> in (cell swells up and bursts - lysis) |
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Term
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Definition
concentration outside is higher than inside: H2O -> out (cell shrinks - crenation) |
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Definition
| forces a solution through tha PM by hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
gradient for filtration that pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area |
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Term
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Definition
| when two transported substances move in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the membrane in opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
| energy to do work comes directly from hydrolysis of ATP (ex: Na-K pump) |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| transport is driven indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients created by operation of primary active transport pumps |
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Term
| secondary transport systems |
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Definition
| coupled systems; they move more than one substance at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of fluids, large particles, and macromolecules across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| moving substances from the interior to the extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| moving substances across the plasma membrane into the cell from the extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an intracellular membrane bound vesicle; merges with PM and releases contents to extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a pocket of the PM buds into the cell; phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-meiated, clathrin-mediated |
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Term
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Definition
| "cell eating" endosome formed is called a phagosome; contains large, solid material (bacteria/debris); merges with lysosome for chemical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| "cell drinking" endosome formed contains liquid |
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Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
receptor on PM binds with target and the entire complex is formed into an endosome; clathrin coated or non clathrin coated (caveolae) |
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Term
| membrane potential or voltage |
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Definition
| electrical potential energy resulting from the separation of oppositely charged paticles (the electrical gradient acoss the PM); mostly a function of K+ and anionic proteins |
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Term
| resting potential membrane |
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Definition
| (-70mV) typically ranges from -50 to -100 mV |
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Term
| electrochemical gradients |
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Definition
| the combined deifference in concentration and charge; influences mthe distribution and direction of diffusion of ions |
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Term
cell-environment interaction cells respond to... |
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Definition
extracellular chemicals, molecules that direct migration, and directly with other cells |
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Term
| cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| glycoproteins involved in embryonic development, wound repair, and immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| integral proteins and glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the way cells recognize each other when they touch (development,immunity, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| some PM receptors respond to changes in membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels. (Neural/muscle tissue) |
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Definition
| occurs when a chemical binds with a PM receptor |
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Definition
| signal chemical (i.e. Neurotransmitter, hormones paracrines) |
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Term
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Definition
| –G-protein acts as relay to interact with a membrane bound enzyme or ion channel that generate intracellular signals (second messenger) such as cAMP and Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| cell material between PM and nucleus: Cytosol, inclusions and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| viscous colloid/solution of proteins, salts, sugars etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| various chemical substances; lipid droplets in fat cells, glycogen in liver cells, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| supply most ATP; Double membrane: an outer sheath and an inner heavily folded (cristae); Multiple enzymes break down fuel for energy to form ATP from ADP: Aerobic respiration; Contain their own RNA and DNA. Can replicate. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| RER is found in cells involved in protein synthesis |
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Definition
| –Secretory cells–Liver –Active immune system cells |
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Term
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; (no protein synthesis) has enzymes in the SER membrane |
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Definition
| –Lipid metabolism (liver)–Steroid hormone synthesis (gonads)–Absorption/transport of fats (intestine)–Detoxification (liver and kidney)–Glycogen breakdown (liver)–Specialized SER in muscle–Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Reservoir of Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| stacked and flattened membranous sacs. Modifies, concentrates and packages cellular products.–Cis face; receives vesicles from RER–Trans face; buds vesicles off into cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); digest contents of phagosomes, digesting cellular debris, normal tissue breakdown during development. |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous sacs of potent enzymes (oxidases and catalases) – Neutralize free radicals –Free radicals: highly reactive, have unpaired e- that disrupt biomolecules–Oxidases convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide then catalase converts H2O2 into water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts as skeletal support and as cellular “muscle”. –Microtubules –Intermediate fibers: –Microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of tubulin (a spherical protein); radiate from the centrosome –Organelles are anchored to microtubules and are moved around the cell by motor molecules–Motor proteins (kinesins and dyneins) pull organelles a long microtubules. |
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Term
| Microfilaments (thinnest) |
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Definition
| strands of actin responsible for cell movement and shape changes. |
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Term
| Intermediate fibers (tough insoluble) |
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Definition
| act as cables/guy wires. Attach to Desmosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubule organizing center contains centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| paired organelles made up of nine triplets of microtubules; acts as foundation (basal body) |
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Term
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Definition
move the cell: nine doublets + central pair sprout from basal bodies |
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Term
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Definition
move extracellular material across the surface of the cell: nine doublets + central pair sprout from basal bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| bend cilia (power stroke) then release (recovery stroke) |
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Term
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Definition
| –Nuclear envelope–Nucleoplasm•Nucleoli•Chromatin •The cells genetic library and control center |
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Term
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Definition
| –A double membrane with fluid between the layers–Outer nuclear membrane is continuous with RER–Inner nuclear membrane is lined with structural protein (nuclear lamina)–Nuclear pore complexes penetrate the membrane and allow large particle exchange between the Nucleus and Cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| issues instructions to synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| –Unevenly staining threads in the nucleoplasm–Composed of DNA + histone proteins–Nucleosomes: a cluster of 8 histone molecules with DNA wrapped around them |
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Term
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Definition
| highly condensed chromatin associated with cell division |
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