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| expressing the opposite of what is true |
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| saying more than is true (exaggeration) |
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| A certain statement is expressed by denying its opposite (type of understatement) |
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| Combination of two ordinarily conflicting terms to produce a striking effect. |
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A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.
Ex:) Poor little rich girl. |
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| A play on words that is based on multiple meanings of a word or similar sounding words to create humor |
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| An expression of contrasting ideas |
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| A direct comparison of two unlike things |
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| Comparison using like or as |
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| Referring metaphorically to persons, places, or things from other literature, history, mythology, religion, popular culture, or the arts. |
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| An address to an abstract or inanimate object (sometimes to the dead or religious figures) |
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| An elaborate or fanciful metaphor (usually long and/or paradoxical) |
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| Substitution of one word for another |
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| Using parts for the whole |
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| Giving things human qualities |
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| A representation, especially pictorial or literal, in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated. |
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| In modern usage, wit is intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. |
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| Bitter caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony. |
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| Placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. |
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| Gentle, urbane, smiling; it aims to correct with broadly sympathetic laughter |
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| Biting, bitter, and angry; it points out the corruption of human beings and institutions with contempt. |
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| Those who despise and distrust the human race |
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| People who don't trust sincerity and/or motives of others. |
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| Opposed to misanthropes. People who work to better the world and love the human race |
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| The act of ridiculing human vices and follies |
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| Subject of laughter, ridicule, or scorn |
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| Imitation of the literary epic and its style by exaggeration and distortion and by elevating the trivial to a level higher than it deserves |
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| A double meaning; saying one thing and meaning another |
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| Exaggeration by saying more than you mean to say. |
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| Going quickly from the serious to the ridiculous or to oversentamentalize |
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| Reducing the validity of something by pointing out several of its flaws. |
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| To present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its soundings |
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| To present the opposite of normal order |
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| Those who believe, "The sun will come out tomorrow," no matter what they must endure |
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| To make a pointed comparison, often a very powerful comparison |
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| To illustrate an idea, a feeling, or the particular qualities of something |
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| To create a memorable phrase |
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| The omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence. |
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| Using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted |
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| Contains one independent clauses |
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| Contains two or more independent clauses |
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| Contains at least one subordinate and one independent clause |
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| Has its main clause at the beginning and is followed by additional phrases modifiers etc. |
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| Has its main clause at the end of the sentence just before the period with other phrases or modifiers leading up to it |
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| The repetition of the same word or group words at the beginning of successive clauses |
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| Refers to the grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of sentences. It involves an arrangement of words phrases sentences and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased |
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| A device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. opposite of anaphora. |
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| Cultivated, Refined, Finished |
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| Understood by a chosen few |
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| Uninteresting, Tame, Dull |
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| Dull-witted, Undiscerning |
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| Didactic, Scholastic, Bookish |
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| Common, Banal, Stereotyped |
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| Rural, Rustic, Unpolished |
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| Inappropriate emotional appeals and flaws in reasoning |
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| An inductive conclusion that leaps to include ALL instances when at best only SOME instances provide any evidence. Hasty Generalizations form some of our worst stereotypes. Ex:) Black people are good athletes |
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| An inductive conclusion that ignores complexities in the evidence that, if heeded, would weaken the conclusion or suggest an entirely different one. Ex:) The newspaper folded because it couldn't compete with television |
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| Assuming a conclusion is the statement of a premise, and thus begging readers to accept the conclusion-the question-before it is proved. Ex:) We can trust the president not to neglect the needy, because he is a compassionate man. |
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| Introducing an issue or consideration that shifts the argument away from the real issue. (Appealing to pity, not logic) |
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| Ad Hominem ("To The Man") |
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| Attacking opponents instead of opponents arguments. |
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| Requiring that readers choose between two interpretations or actions when in fact the choices are more numerous. Ex:) Either we imprison al drug users, or we will become their prisoners |
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| Non-Sequitur ("It Does Not Follow") |
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| A conclusion derived illogically or erroneously from stated or implied premises. |
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| Post Hoc ("After This, Therefore Because Of This") |
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| Assuming that because one thing preceded another, it must have cause the other. Ex:) It's Zig's fault Cam died |
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