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| an ion that has an excess negative charge is an anion whereas a cation has an excess positive charge |
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| Two minerals that have the same chemical composition bug a different crystal lattive structure |
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| The basic building block of silicate minerals; it consists of one silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
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| rocks containing calcite or dolomite |
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| water trapped in joints freezes and causes joint to grow. Helps break blocks free from intact bedrock |
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| Pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to winf and rain, the rock disintegrates into separate grains. |
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| heat bakes rock, the outer layer of the rock expands- when cooling the layer contracts and causes the outer surface of the rock to break off in sheet like pieces |
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| Dissolution of a mineral with decomposition or reaction in the presence of a liquid, converting one solid phase into another |
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| Minerals composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra linked in various arrangements; most conrain other elements too. |
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| Soft, thoroughly decomposed rock rich in clay and remaining in its original place. |
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Spheroidal weathering is a chemical process that occurs in large blocks of rock. Onion-like layers form as the joints of the rock wear away. The result is jagged layers of rock, rounded edges and a concentric-like weathering.
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| O stands for Organic because this layer or the soil matrix contains organic matter and nearly no mineral matter |
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| water percolates through this layer and causes chemical weathering reaction to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay materials |
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| This level below O and A has generally experienced substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material |
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| Ions and clay accumulate in the B horsion or subsoil, this is the first zone of accumulation below the leaching zones. |
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| This horizon is at the base of a soil profile and consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation. This zone grades downward into the unweathered bedrock or unweathered sediment. |
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| In between sand and cobble size pieces of rock |
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| smaller than gravel- worn down by physical processes. Rock and mineral composition. Larger than clay. |
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