Term
| numerical ranges (ex: Serum Potassium) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| positive or negative (ex: Pregnancy Test) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| percent of positive results in patients with disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| percent of negative results in patients who do not have the disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| population mean +/- 2 standard deviations |
|
Definition
| Reference or Normal Range |
|
|
Term
| Normal value for a patient used to assess current patient status |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A compound that is ionizable in a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total number of particles in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2, BUN, SCr, Glucose, Ca2+ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes BMP, AST, ALT Phos, T-Bili, T-Protein, and Albumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most abundant cation in the ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilutional/Fluid Overload and Sodium Depletion |
|
|
Term
| Dilutional/Fluid Overload |
|
Definition
| Cirrhosis, CHF, Renal Failure, SIADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mineralcorticoid deficiencies, Sodum wasting, renal disease, fluid replacement with non-saline solutions |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Presenation includes nausea, malaise, H/A, lethargy, stupor-->seizures-->coma, confusion, obtundation, muscle cramps, edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of water/dehyration and excessive intake |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Presentation includes thirst, restlessness, irritability, lethargy, muscle twitching, seizures, hyper-reflexia, coma, death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypervolemic, hypovolemic, euvolemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plays a role in muscle/nervous system excitability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased intake, increased loss, and intracellular shift |
|
|
Term
| Decreased intake of potassium can be due to: |
|
Definition
| alcoholism, eating disorders, plain IV fluids |
|
|
Term
| Increased renal loss of potassium can be due to |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids, loop diuretics, Ampho B, hyperaldosteronism or Cushing's Disease |
|
|
Term
| Increased extrarenal loss of potassium can be due to |
|
Definition
| severe diarrhea/laxative abuse, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| intracellular shift causing hypokalemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| alkalosis, insulin, beta2 adrenergic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation includes EKG changes, hypotension, cramps, weakness, and possible areflexia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased excretion, increased cellular breakdown, increased intake, extracellular shift |
|
|
Term
| Decreased excretion causing hyperkalemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| renal dysfunction, ACE-1, K-sparing diuretic |
|
|
Term
| Increased cellular breakdown in hyperkalemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| burns, tumor lysis syndrome, crush injuries |
|
|
Term
| Increased intake in hyperkalemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| salt substitutes, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or IV fluids |
|
|
Term
| extacellular shift in hyperkalemia can be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical Presentation includes peaked T-waves (severe), hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac arrest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Improperly drawn, needle too small, cells cyse, potassium released are all examples that can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary role is acid-base balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bicarbonate/carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Co-factor for nzyme systems (ATP), intracellular cation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased loss (GI or renal) and decreased intake |
|
|
Term
| Increased loss in hypomagnesemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, hyperparathyroidism, DKA, loop/thiazide diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Decreased intake in hypomanesemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| malnutrition or chronic alcoholism, small bowel bypass |
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation includes muscle weakness, tremor, increased reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, trousseau's sign, chvotek's sign, refractory hypokalemia or hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hypermagnesemia |
|
Definition
| Decreased excretion and Increased intake |
|
|
Term
| Decreased excretion in hypermagnesemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| renal failure (dialysis patients) |
|
|
Term
| Increased intake of Mg2+ in hypermagnesemia can be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| essential for metabolism of protein, carbs, fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphate is essential for |
|
Definition
| phospholipid membranes, ATP production, release of oxygen from hemoglobin to tissues |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Presentation includes CNS dysfunction, muscle weakness, Cardiac irregularities, Dysfunction of leukocytes and erythrocytes, and decreased wound healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypophosphatemia can cause |
|
Definition
| dysfunction of leukocytes and erythrocytes; decreased wound healing |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hypophosphatemia |
|
Definition
| increased renal excretion, decreased GI uptake, intracellular shift, |
|
|
Term
| Increased Renal Excretion in hypophosphatemia can be due to: |
|
Definition
| hyperparathyroidism, DKA, Thiazides/Loop diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Decreased GI uptake in hypophosphatemia can be due to: |
|
Definition
| excess antacids, vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular shift in hypophosphatemia can be due to: |
|
Definition
| alcoholism, TPN or excess glucose |
|
|
Term
| Increased intake of Vitamin D or phosphate in hyperphsphatemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| excess intake of antacids or laxatives, espeically with renal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| Has a role in neuromuscular activity, endocrine function blood coagulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ~50% in ECF is protein bound (albumin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serum calcium level may not accurately reflect the phsyiological calcium concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired mobilization, hypoparathyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, abnormal renal loss/renal failure, increased binding,diminished intake, hypoalbuminemia |
|
|
Term
| electrolyte imbalance in hypocalcemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| vitamin D deficiency, hypomagnesemia, hyperphophatemia |
|
|
Term
| increased binding in hypocalcemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| alkalosis, rapid blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
| Hallmark sign of this is tetany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased absorption, increased bone resorption, malignancy, hyperparathyroidism, decreased elimination |
|
|
Term
| most common causes of hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| malignancy and hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| General Clinical Presentation includes fatigue, depression, memory loss/confusion, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, muscle cramps, paraesthesia, seizures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation of hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
| arrythmias, increased ST segment, icnreased QT interval, hypotension, decreased response to medications |
|
|
Term
| nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation are GI Clinical presenations of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lethargy, coma, death, kidney stones, ventricular arrhytmias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorous levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of hypovitaminosis D |
|
Definition
| low sun exposure, inadequate intake, renal or hepatic dysfunction, genetic inheritance |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vitamin D cancause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation includes muscle weakness, hypotonia, motor retardation, stunted growth in children, biochemical abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms related to hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may indicate liver diseae or water excess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can be caused by kidney disease, icnreased protein consumption, GI bleeding or dehydration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| byproductof muscle breakdown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoconcentration, decreased excretion or increased production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased renal perfusion |
|
Definition
| dehydration, blood loss, shock |
|
|
Term
| accounts for age, LBW, gender; estimates low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accoutns for race, age, gender, BUN; estimates high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polydipsia, polyurea, polyphagia, blurred vision, dizzy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dizziness, confusion, sweating, tachycardia, hunger, tremor, anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functional liver test; protein synthesis by the liver; maintains oncotic pressure in the vasculature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hypoalbuminemia |
|
Definition
| malnutrition and malabsorption; over hydration or dilution; nephritic syndrome; pregnancy; burns; chronic illness; hepatic insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation includes peripheral edema, ascites, pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hyperalbuminemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abundant in the liver, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle; released into the blood after injury to liver cells |
|
Definition
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) |
|
|
Term
| Elevated T-bili caused by |
|
Definition
| liver disease, hemolysis, and metabolic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| produced in gut by bacterial breakdown of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most commonly ordered blood lab test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin paleness, weakness, fatigue, and dizziness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperlipidemia can interfere with testing |
|
Definition
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin tests |
|
|
Term
| Always indicates hypochromia i.e. pale colored RBCs that lack HgB |
|
Definition
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anemia due to iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anemia due to B12 and/or folate deficiency |
|
|
Term
| nonspecific test; increased with inflammation |
|
Definition
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level of elevation correlates with the stage of heart failure |
|
Definition
| B--Type Natriuretic Peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corticosteroids, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemotherapy, Clozapine, Ganciclovir, Colchicines, Azathioprine, Dapsone, Methimazole |
|
|
Term
| To evaluate if a patient is neutropenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macroscopic Urinalysis Testing |
|
Definition
| Color, cloudiness, proteins |
|
|
Term
| Microscopic urinalysis testing |
|
Definition
| cells, casts, crystals, proteins |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
| decreased renal excretion, intracellular to extracellular shift, increased intake of Vitamin D or phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Decreased renal excretion in hyperphosphatemia can be due to |
|
Definition
| chronic renal failure, secondary hypoparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| intracellular to extracellular shift in hyperphosphatemia can be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical presentation includes paresthesia, tetany, hypotension, and arrythmias |
|
Definition
|
|
