Term
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Definition
| Interaction of muscles and glands of an organism and the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior with a clear beginning and end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. |
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Definition
| The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists. Behavior cannot occur in the absence of an environment. |
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Definition
| A change in the environment (internal or external to the organism) that can affect behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g., size, color), temporal (e.g., antecedent or consequent), and/or functional (e.g., discriminative) dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations. Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity are necessary to meet the definition of equivalence. |
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Term
| Reflexive relations (US-UR) |
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Definition
| Unconditioned, reflexive, elicited stimulus-response relations. |
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Term
| Respondent conditioning (CS-CR) |
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Definition
| A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits the conditioned response (CR). Also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process and selective effects of consequences on behavior (i.e., stimulus changes immediately following a response result in increased or decreased frequency of same/similar behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future). |
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Term
| Unconditioned reinforcement |
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Definition
| Stimulus change that increases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it without prior pairing with any other type of reinforcement. |
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Term
| Conditioned reinforcement |
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Definition
| Stimulus change that increases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it due to prior pairing with other types of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it without prior pairing with any other type of punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it due to prior pairing with other types of punishment. |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced. |
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Term
| Variable interval schedule |
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior; primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur. |
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Term
| Automatic reinforcement and punishment |
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Definition
| Reinforcement/punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus. |
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Term
| Unconditioned motivating operation |
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Definition
| A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history. For example, food deprivation increases the reinforcing effectiveness of food without the necessity of any learning history. |
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Term
| Conditioned motivating operation |
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Definition
| A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history. For example, because of the relation between locked doors and keys, having to open a locked door is a CMO that makes keys more effective as reinforcers, and evokes behavior that has obtained such keys. |
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Term
| Distinguish between discriminative stimulus and motivating operation |
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Definition
SD – A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.
MO – An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event. |
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Term
| Distinguish between motivating operation and reinforcement effects |
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Definition
Motivating Operation – An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event.
Reinforcement effects – Stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exist when a well-controlled experiment shows that specific changes in one event (dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (independent variable), and the change in the DV was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables). |
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Term
| Conditional discriminations |
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Definition
| A discrimination in which the reinforcement of responding to a stimulus depends on, or is conditional upon, other stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, the SD, but not in the presence of the other stimulus, S delta. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence, the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomena in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative. |
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Term
| Contingency-shaped behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior selected and maintained by controlled, temporally close consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior controlled by a rule that enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by a specific reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal SD and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ratio of count per observation time; often expressed as count per standard unit of time and calculated by dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elapsed time between the onset and the cessation of a single response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus to the initiation of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elapsed time between two successive responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical form or shape of a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force or intensity with which a response is emitted. |
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Term
| Continuous measurement procedures |
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Definition
| Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period. |
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Term
| Discontinuous measurement procedures |
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Definition
| Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected. |
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Term
| Partial-interval recording (advantages/disadvantages) |
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Definition
| Number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs at least once. Tends to overestimate the proportion of the observation period that the behavior actually occurred. |
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Term
| Whole-interval recording (advantages/disadvantages) |
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Definition
| Number of time intervals in a specific period of time during which a response occurs continuously. Tends to underestimate the proportion of the observation period that many behaviors actually occurred. |
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Term
| Momentary time sampling (advantages/disadvantages) |
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Definition
| A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals. Tends to underestimate the occurrence of behavior. |
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