Term
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Definition
broad approach to challenging and destabilizing established knowledge
Emphasizes that all knowledge is historical and biased, and that 'objective' knowledge is illusory
Focus on issues of oppression |
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Term
| Goal of Critical Approaches |
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Definition
| not generalizability or goals of science, but to elucidate power dynamics and to enact positive change for society |
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Term
| Structural/Modernist tradition |
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Definition
| Critique of oppressive structures of social arrangements that are real and endure over time |
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Term
| Post-modernism/Post-structuralism |
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Definition
| denies the existence of any true enduring social arrangements |
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Term
| Structural Approaches: Marxism |
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Definition
Focus on means of production: dictate nature of society, Base and superstructure: economy as base of all social structure
Liberation through a dialectic clash |
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Term
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Definition
| set of ideas that structure a group's reality, a system of representations or a code of meanings governing how individuals and groups see the world |
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Term
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Definition
process of domination in which one set of ideas (or group or people) subverts or co-opts another
structures how people understand their experiences - we often aren’t aware of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| do not promote social change, serve a social control function by ignoring or criticizing social movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Adorno claimed that TV entertainment drums false consciousness into viewers, ‘injecting’ them with ideology |
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Term
| The Frankfurt School – 1920s |
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Definition
-pessimistic about the mass media
-plays a role of ideological dominance which destroys both bourgeois individualism and the revolutionary potential of the working class
-Habermas: concern that the life-world of individuals is being colonized by corporations
---politics, raising kids |
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Term
| Poststructuralism: Michel Foucault |
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Definition
| Focus on power and knowledge; Studied places when one group controls another: prisons, schools, mental institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| Tower in center of prison, prisoners can never tell when they are being watched |
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Definition
| "watching from below" ex: MSU students capture police action on tape |
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Term
| Poststructuralism Feminist theory |
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Definition
Broad label for a perspective that explores the meaning of gender in society
Gender is a social construct that has been dominated by a male bias (patriarchy) and is particularly oppressive to women.
ex: Buffy |
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Term
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Definition
“The girl heroines’ bodies have also been capitalized on and utilized to advance the commodity sustem that comprises mainstream media production.”
-Actresses sell cosmetics, etc. |
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Term
| Technological Determinism |
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Definition
| the belief that technological development determines social and cultural change, utopian or dystopian |
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Term
| Social constructivist approach |
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Definition
Alternative to Technological Determinism
- People control how they use technology |
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Term
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Definition
Alternative to Technological Determinism
- Society and technology impact outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
- Relied on oral communication
- Sensory balance: 5 senses were important sources of information |
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Term
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Definition
- Emergence of phonetics and invention of printing press
- Sense of sight became predominant
- Linear information, processing of texts alters our basic thought patterns
- Greater emphasis on deductive logic |
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Term
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Definition
- Living on the cusp of two great communication technologies – print and electronic
- Return to the tribal age’s form of communication (audio more important)
- “The medium is the message” |
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Term
| The Medium is the Message |
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Definition
Each medium has its own intrinsic effects which are its unique message
- it is the "medium that shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action." |
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Term
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Definition
- High levels of participation & involvement, lower definition: TV
- Associated with oral cultures & tribal societies
- Kennedy: low definition qualities |
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Term
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Definition
- High information definition & does not involve the message recipient
- radio, newspapers and film
- Associated with industrial economies
- Nixon: high definition qualities |
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Term
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Definition
McLuhan: visual, individualistic print culture would soon be brought to an end by what he called "electronic interdependence“ when electronic media replace visual culture with aural/oral culture.
In this new age, humankind will move from individualism and fragmentation to a collective identity, with a "tribal base." |
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Term
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Definition
a means of examining the effects on society of any technology (i.e., any medium):
What does the medium enhance?
What does the medium make obsolete?
What does the medium retrieve that had been obsolesced earlier?
What does the medium flip into when pushed to extremes? |
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Term
| Education: Print Generation |
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Definition
Linear way of processing information
Information level inside classroom is higher than outside
Children went to school to get information through literary works that they could not find anywhere else. |
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Term
| Education: Electronic Generation |
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Definition
Sensory balance (more visual; similar to the tribal age)
Information level outside classroom is higher than inside
Because of television, children are more informed even before they enter school thus going to school is an interruption of their education |
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Term
| Amusing Ourselves to Death: Neil Postman |
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Definition
| Believes that the medium of television is detrimental to society because it has led to the loss of serious public discourse. |
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Term
| No Sense of Place: Joshua Meyrowitz |
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Definition
| Television removes the barriers between different age groups and different genders - Previously children could not find out about adult subjects because they were not able to read adult books |
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Term
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Definition
Money and media
- Children have influence over billions
- Kids spend a lot of time with media and are early adopters of new media: thus reaching them is easy. |
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Term
| American Idol and Narratives of Meritocracy |
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Definition
Narrative themes: sincerity and pretense, training, evaluation, work, and social advancement
Goal: To build a “commercially exploitable relationship between audiences and contestants” |
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Term
| American Idol Narrative Forms |
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Definition
- Stories of humiliation
- Stories of authentication
--biographical and autobiographical vignettes
---Present contestants as Moral Individuals (focus on family values, church, volunteer activities, devotion to friends, school and community |
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Term
| Is Google Making Us Stupid? - Carr |
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Definition
Changing thinking patterns?
-Concentration
Online research habits study
-Skimming, Source hopping
Maryanne Wolf - “We are how we read”
- Net reading style
--Efficiency, Immediacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Old connections break, New connections form |
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Term
| Intellectual technologies |
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Definition
tools that extend our mental rather than our physical capacities.
Example: Clocks |
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Term
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Definition
TV
-Text crawls, Pop-up ads
Magazines & Newspapers
- Shorter stories, NY Times article abstracts |
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Term
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Definition
| A Response to Carr: “With every technological step forward, though, has come anxiety about the possibility that technology harms our natural ability to think.” |
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Term
| Intelligence augmentation |
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Definition
Primarily external developments that have altered the way we think
- e.g. drugs that let people study harder, focus better, and stay awake longer with full clarity |
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Term
| New tools to boost intelligence |
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Definition
Determining what information is important/valid
Managing information
"Google isn’t the problem; it’s the beginning of the solution.” |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to find meaning in confusion and solve new problems independent of acquired knowledge
- Media are making us smarter |
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Term
| TV Advertising and Children |
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Definition
View ~40,000 ads per year
Advertisers spend $10 billion per year advertising to children |
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Term
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Definition
Repetition
Attention-getting production features
Branded characters & premiums
Celebrity endorsements
Product placement
Viral Marketing
Online interactive agents
Video news releases
Integrated marketing strategies
Tracking software & spyware |
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Term
| Key principles of media persuasion |
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Definition
Power of the Source
-Expertise & Trustworthiness
Message Features
-Simplicity and Repetition
Fear/Guilt/Horror Appeals
Humor |
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Term
| Weapons of Influence (Cialdini) |
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Definition
Reciprocity
Commitment & Consistency
Social proof
Liking
Authority
Scarcity |
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Term
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Definition
Marketers attempt to conceal the intent of an ad so it is not perceived as advertising
- Only possible in online venues |
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Term
| Elaboration Likelihood model of persuasion |
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Definition
Central route
-Highly cognitive
-If message is counter-attitudinal, more likely to undergo critical scrutiny
Peripheral route
-Messages are scrutinized less because individuals aren’t expecting to be persuaded
-E.g. when watching entertainment tv show |
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Term
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Definition
| marketing technique: Repeating the same commercial message over and over |
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Term
| Attention-getting production features |
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Definition
| marketing technique: Using audio-visual production features to grab attention (Action, sound effects, music) |
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Term
| Branded characters & premiums |
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Definition
marketing technique: Using popular characters to sell products
-Popular TV characters
-Animated spokesman (ex. Toucan Sam)
-Free toys |
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Term
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Definition
marketing technique: "Buzz” about a product that is spread by word of mouth (WOM)
-Can be spread through email
-Free Stuff, discounts |
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Term
| Online interactive agents |
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Definition
| marketing technique: Stealth advertising used online in which “bots” are programmed to talk to website visitors about products |
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Term
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Definition
| marketing technique: Stories about product sent to the news media |
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Term
| Integrated marketing strategies |
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Definition
marketing technique: Marketing products across different media
ex: Character toys & fast food |
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Term
| Children’s TV Programs - content analysis |
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Definition
| 75% - sugar-coated cereals, sugared drinks and snacks, and fast food |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal time for contrasting views on issues of public importance. ex: tobacco ads |
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Term
| Time Limits on children's advertising |
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Definition
-National Association of Broadcasters (1975) Limited commercials in children’s programming from 20-25% to 15%, number of ads increased
- Children’s Television Act (CTA) (1990)
Limited commercials in children’s programming
-10.5 minutes an hour (weekends)
-12 minutes an hour (weekdays) |
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Term
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Definition
| None, “Sticky sites”, Advergames |
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Term
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Definition
-Children have greater preference for advergame product
-Adults positively evaluate products featured in advergames they played
-Linked to telepresence: a perception of being present in the gaming environment.
--Are advergames an example of peripheral route persuasion? |
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Term
| Regulation of children’s media |
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Definition
FCC: The separation principle (3 parts)
1 - Distinct break between program content and commercials - “bumpers” (ex. Duck Tales, Phil of the Future, Animaniacs)
2 - No host selling
3 - No product integration (product placement) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) |
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Definition
| Ad industry agency enforcing broadcast standards |
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Term
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Definition
- Channel One gives schools free equipment in return for a captive audience
-- 10 minutes of news, 2 minutes of commercials; 86% commercial products, 14% PSAs
-Zap Me
-- 15 computers w/Internet & printers for 4 hrs of use per day
-- Tracking software provided market research data
- Free field trips (with marketing) |
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Term
| Theoretical Perspectives: Piaget Review |
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Definition
Perceptual (Preoperational) thought (~2-7 yrs)
Concrete (operational) thought (~7-11 years)
Formal operational thought (12+) |
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Term
| Theoretical Perspectives: Deborah John |
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Definition
Three-tiered model of consumer socialization
Perceptual stage (~ages 3-7)
Analytical stage (~ages 7-11)
Reflective stage (~ages 11-16) |
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Term
| Theoretical Perspectives: Valkenburg and Cantor |
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Definition
Model of how children become consumers
Stage 1 (birth to 2 years)
Preferences exist, but not goal directed in product choice
Stage 2 (ages 2-5)
Nag and negotiate; don’t understand persuasive goals of commercials
Stage 3 (ages 5-8)
First purchase; differentiate between real & imagined
Stage 4 (ages 8-12)
Peer opinions; critical assessment skills |
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Term
| Theoretical Perspectives: Interactive media exchanges |
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Definition
Based on dialogue & turn taking
Learning occurs through replies |
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Term
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Definition
Increased vulnerability
No delay in purchasing |
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Term
| Key Factors in How Children Process Advertising |
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Definition
Attention
Recognition & retention
Comprehension of commercial intent
Product requests & purchases |
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Term
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Definition
Audio features
Research: audio features make children more attentive
Action
Loud music |
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Term
| Recognition & retention: Children |
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Definition
Auditory and visual elements enhance memory
Jingles, song lyrics & rhymes |
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Term
| Comprehension of commercial intent |
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Definition
| Children under age 8 don’t comprehend |
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Term
| Product requests and purchases: Children |
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Definition
Repetition is key
Study of children ages 3-11
Results: children exposed to more ads and more attentive to ads made more product requests |
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Term
| Behavioral Impact: Children |
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Definition
- Nag Factor: Arguing for a parent to purchase a product when the parent has already said no
-- Study results: Heavy TV viewers argued more
-Advertising & Childhood Obesity
--Congress & a National Academies panel: Food preferences, Food requests, Short term eating patterns
-Materialism?
-- Purchasing patterns of preadolescent girls: Clothes, Make-up, Etc. |
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Term
| Potential Mediators of Children's Advertising |
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Definition
Parental management
-Co-viewing
--Watching with children
-Active mediation
--Watching with children and also discussing content and intent of advertisements
-Restrictive mediation
--Controlling the amount or kind of content watched |
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Term
| Kaiser Family Foundation Study |
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Definition
Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-olds
- spend nearly 6.5 hours using media
- A quarter of the time multitasking
- Physical access = easy |
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Term
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Definition
media may not be successful in telling people what to think, but it is successful in telling its readers what to think about
- do the media reflect or influence public perceptions? |
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Term
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Definition
The central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of:
Selection
Emphasis
Exclusion
Elaboration |
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Term
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Definition
Most memorable:
Anger, Fear
Least memorable:
Disgusting
- Physiological arousal leads to increased memory
--Negative news stories |
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Term
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Definition
| revision to agenda-setting theory that argues media can have effect on what the public thinks |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with media’s impact on what the public thinks about |
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Term
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Definition
Are we still vulnerable to agenda-setting and framing?
“Gate-keeping”
Selective Exposure |
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Term
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Definition
David Philips: The more publicity a suicide story received, the greater the increase in number of suicides.
Werther effect – the imitative suicide effect
Repositioning/Rescheduling effect
Additive effect |
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Term
| Principle of selective exposure |
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Definition
| viewers come to a message with their own attitudes, beliefs, interests and values, which affect what they choose to view |
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Term
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Definition
| Vivid images may enhance or distract retention of verbal information |
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Term
| The Spiral of Silence (Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann) |
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Definition
The idea that most people are not comfortable speaking out about their views if they perceive that they are in the minority.
Perpetuating cycle |
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Term
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Definition
The concept that some people are motivated to think a lot about a news report after exposure.
Correlation between need for cognition and interest in media focusing on politics
Those with high need for cognition prefer public TV and news programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Function of political knowledge and ideology |
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Term
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Definition
1959 - the muse of history, the recorder of great deeds, the proclaimer and celebrator of accomplishments, and a source of inspiration and genius
Recognize creativity in advertising, design and communication |
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Term
| Four stage model of the creative process |
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Definition
Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Verification |
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Term
| Stage 1: Preparation (Model of Creative Process) |
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Definition
Preliminary analysis of a problem
Defining the problem
Problem: and task a person seeks to accomplish
Conscious work (draws on education, analytical skills & problem relevant knowledge |
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Term
| Stage 2: Incubation (Model of Creative Process) |
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Definition
No conscious mental work on the problem
The mind works on the problem unconsciously while the person does other things (e.g. work on another problem; vacation)
Idea combinations/associations are made (still unconsciously)
Most are rejected by the mind, but a few have potential |
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Term
| Stage 3: Illumination (Model of Creative Process) |
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Definition
Becoming consciously aware of a good idea
A “flash” or all at once
Follows an intuitive feeling - an idea is about to pop up
Potential problems
Disrupted by external interruptions
Forcing the idea out |
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Term
| Stage 4: Verification (Model of Creative Process) |
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Definition
Evaluating, refining, & further developing the idea
Can trigger return to earlier stage
(e.g. the idea turns out to be a dud, returning the person to stage 2) |
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Term
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Definition
Bagdikian’s The Media Monopoly (1983)
1983: 50 media conglomerates controlled more than half of all broadcast media, newspapers, magazines, video, radio, music, publishing, and film in the USA
1986: 50 -> 29
1993: 29 -> 20
2000: 20 -> 6
As of 2006: 5 |
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Term
| Carnegie Mellon Study: Internet Paradox |
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Definition
Longitudinal
Study gave 93 Pittsburgh households computers & net connection; households involved in community group or had high school student
Use of Internet was associated with a general decline in communication with family members who lived in the household.
Number of people in their social circle declined over the years
Greater levels of depression & loneliness |
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Term
| Internet Paradox Revisited (2001) |
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Definition
“The previously reported negative outcomes associated with more use of the Internet had all but disappeared, except for the association with increased stress.”
Suggest “rich get richer” model
Extraverts, who like making new friends, are using new technology to express themselves. When introverts are using the Internet, it seems to hurt their social well-being, their social connectedness. |
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Term
| Social augmentation hypothesis |
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Definition
| media effect: Expansion of social network |
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Term
| Social displacement hypothesis |
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Definition
media effect: Time spent online is time not spent with friends and family
Heavy Internet users will become more depressed because spending more time with weak online ties |
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Term
| Social compensation hypothesis |
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Definition
| media effect: Effects of Internet use on social and psychological well-being are positive for some, such as those who don’t have large networks (poor get richer) |
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Term
| Social information processing (Walther) |
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Definition
In the absence of non-vernal cues, people use available verbal cues to form intimate relationships
May form at slower pace
Over time become intimate relationships
Consistent with social augmentation & social compensation |
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Term
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Definition
| Publishing vs Participation |
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Term
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Definition
Social implications
Tags are created by users (‘folksonomies’), not site owners
More content can be processed by users than would be possible through paid editors or computer programs |
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Term
| Social Network Sites: Definition |
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Definition
“web-based services that allow individuals to
(1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system,
(2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and
(3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system.”
- boyd & Ellison (2007) |
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