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| Limited Effects Perspective |
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Definition
| Individuals react to media content in very different ways; from technology-centered to user-centered focus |
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| Uses and Gratifications theory |
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Definition
| Tries to identify why and how people use various media and what types of rewards they receive from media content. -- Goals of media use can be derived from individuals themselves (self-report) |
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| High sensation seekers may like media content that is violent or frightening due to a greater need for arousal. |
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| Transition time between afternoon and evening; Lowering arousal point |
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Definition
| children deliberately use TV for learning |
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| motivations for media use |
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Definition
Arousal
Relaxation
Learning
Passing Time
Escape
Habit
Companionship |
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| The possibility that the large quantity of time spent with media was serving to displace time that would ordinarily be spent in other important activities |
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| No effect until a certain level is reached |
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| Imitating behavior seen in media |
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| Also called the “mean world” or “scary world” syndrome; Exposure to media cultivate specific understandings of how the world works |
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Definition
| rewards and punishments; Children who viewed “reward” videos and those who had seen the adult neither rewarded or punished behaved more aggressively than those who had seen the adult punished |
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Term
| Longitudinal studies on children and media violence |
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Definition
| Children who watched higher levels of TV violence also have higher scores on ratings of aggressive behavior. |
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Definition
| The boys who watched TV violence behaved less aggressively than the boys who watched no violence. |
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Definition
| Stimuli affect later perceptions and associations. |
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Term
| Desensitizing Effect of media |
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Definition
| Exposure to media violence “numbs” us to the real thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our entertainment choices are often a function of how we’re feeling at the moment and how we anticipate that exposure to certain media content is likely to make us feel during and following that exposure. |
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Definition
| small but significant overall effect of video game play on aggression |
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Term
| Overall conclusion from the Commission on Obscenity & Pornography |
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Definition
| porn not generally associated with harmful outcomes |
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| Shock studies (Leonard & Taylor) |
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Definition
| Effects of porn on attitudes towards women |
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| Meese Commission Conclusions |
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Definition
| Suggest causal relationship between porn and sex offenses, although only correlation found |
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| Kaiser Family Foundation research |
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Definition
| increasing amounts of sexual content on TV BUT not more references to safe sex. |
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Definition
| “In sum, the evidence indicates that pornography and related sexual media can influence sexual violence, sexual attitudes, moral values, and sexual activity of children and youth.” |
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Definition
“Pornography has an adverse effect on older adolescent boys and young men already at high risk for aggressive behavior”
“Memories of impactful sexual media from childhood and adolescence are overwhelmingly negative” |
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Term
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Definition
| 83.5% of images online pornographic; most frequently downloaded were most violent and degrading - DEBUNKED |
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Term
| Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) |
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Definition
| Requires Internet safety policy for schools and libraries receiving federal funding for Internet access or internal connections |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.; Obscene material is entitled to no First Amendment protection, and may not be broadcast at any time. – FCC |
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Definition
| prurient interest; depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct; lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value |
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Term
| Two Prevailing Views on Internet Sexuality |
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Definition
| Pathology; Social Exploration |
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Definition
| Net induces/reinforces deviant behavior; addiction |
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Term
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Definition
Information gathering for couples
Curiosity exploration
Alternative sexual outlet |
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Term
| Theory of Excitation Transfer (sexual media) |
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Definition
| If people become aroused as a result of watching sex on television, whatever emotions they experience immediately after viewing may be much more intense. |
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Term
| Key principles of media persuasion |
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Definition
Power of the Source (credibility)
-Expertise & Trustworthiness
Message Features
-Simplicity and Repetition
Fear/Guilt
Humor |
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Term
| Protection Motivation Theory |
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Definition
Success of fear appeals depends on:
1) The perceived severity of a threat
2) The perceived probability of the occurrence of, or vulnerability to the threat
3) The ability to respond effectively to the threat |
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Term
| Weapons of Influence (Cialdini) |
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Definition
Reciprocity
Commitment & Consistency
Social proof
Liking
Authority
Scarcity |
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Term
| Elaboration Likelihood model of persuasion |
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Definition
Central route
Highly cognitive
If message is counter-attitudinal, more likely to undergo critical scrutiny
Peripheral route
Messages are scrutinized less because individuals aren’t expecting to be persuaded
Ads as entertainment
Product placement |
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Term
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Definition
| Media messages gradually persuade by encouraging (or cultivating) certain attitudes or ways of thinking about or viewing social reality |
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Term
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Definition
| when people of different groups are exposed to the same media, the differences between them become less pronounced because everyone is being similarly cultivated by media messages |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person’s real-life environment strongly resembles the environment depicted in the media, the cultivating effect is stronger |
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Term
| Drench Hypothesis vs. Drip, Drip, Drip |
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Definition
Critical images
Images that stand out, are deviant, and consequently more important viewing experiences |
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Term
| The Great American Values Test |
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Definition
IV – Program on values of freedom, equality & a world of beauty; DV- $ donations to causes
Viewers gave more than non-viewers; Results indicated that the broadcast did exert a powerful influence on the audience. |
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Term
| Theory of excitation transfer |
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Definition
| General arousal from any source can intensify an emotional experience and make it much more prominent than it would be ordinarily |
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Term
| Predictors of Horror Film Attendance |
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Definition
Sensation seeking personality traits
Desire to experience a satisfying resolution
Desire to see destruction |
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Term
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Definition
Younger children (2-7) think perceptually; older children (7+) think conceptually.
This affects what types of images and information they will find frightening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Implicit Memories; Explicit Memories |
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Term
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Definition
Amygdala
Quick recall
Association with an object -> fear |
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Definition
Hippocampus
Details
Susceptible to change and decay |
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Definition
| the tendency for viewers to feel the same feelings as the person they are watching on TV |
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Definition
Excitatory potential
Absorption potential
Semantic affinity
Hedonic valence |
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Definition
| Influence levels of physiological arousal |
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Definition
| Losing yourself and forgetting about your mood |
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Definition
| Association with a person’s positive and negative moods. Possibly intensify feelings |
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Definition
Pleasant media -> feeling happy
Unpleasant media -> feeling bad |
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Definition
| The cognitive structure that organizes one’s knowledge and provide a framework for understanding future events |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| african americans in news stories (criminals/police officers) |
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Definition
| actual crime data vs tv crime stories |
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Term
| Effects of Sex Role Stereotypes |
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Definition
Construction of social reality
World view: Heavy viewers adopt social reality consistent with TV messages |
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Term
| Ten Fundamental Flaws with Media Effects Research |
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Definition
The effects model tackles social problems “backwards”
The effects model treats children as inadequate
Assumptions within the effects model are characterized by barely -concealed conservative ideology
The effects model inadequately defines its own objects of study
The effects model is often based on artificial studies
The effects model is often based on studies with misapplied methodology
The effects model is selective in its criticisms of media depictions of violence
The effects model assumes superiority to the masses
The effects model makes no attempt to understand meanings of the media
The effects model is not grounded in theory |
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Term
| The effects model tackles social problems “backwards” |
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Definition
| Start with media and try to link to behavior |
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Term
| The effects model is often based on studies with misapplied methodology |
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Definition
Failure to account for conflicting findings
Ignoring other potential factors contributing to aggression
Assuming causality when there is only correlation |
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Term
| The effects model is not grounded in theory |
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Definition
| Issue of explaining actual motives based on viewing is unresolved |
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