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| organization of words into phrases, and the organization of phrases into sentences. |
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| arbitrary words that do not belong together in a phrase or sentence |
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| strings of words that form possible sentences of a language |
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words are wrong in some context, for a sentence.
WE denote these types of sentences with an * |
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syntactic categories, "parts of speech"
a category is a group of words that can function in the same way in a sentence. |
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all parts of the sentence must agree in form and tense
"Joe eats pizza on Fridays"
"Joe eat pizza on Fridays" |
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| marking for semantically anomalous, but not actually ungrammatical |
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meaning of the sentence depnds on how the words are put together, that is, the structure.
[more intelligent] administrators
more [intelligent administrators] |
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| hen we put words together in a set of brackets is saying that they form a... |
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| is to indicate which thing has which property |
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function that something has in a relationship expressed by a sentence
small caps to indicate role |
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designate what is intentionally initiating the action
Robin ate the Cheerios with a spoon.
Robin= agent |
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what is acted upon
Robin ate the Cheerios with a spoon.
Cheerios= patient |
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what the agent uses on the patient
Robin ate the Cheerios with a spoon
spoon= instrument |
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| noun phrase in the position immediately following the verb (if there is one) |
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simply has a property that is being referred to or undergoes a movement or change
"Terry heard the explosion"
explosion=theme |
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Definition
used for an animate being that has some kind of perceptual or mental experience
such as seeing, hearing, knowing, ect.
what is percieved is the theme
"terry heard the explosion" terry=experience |
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| theme just is, patient is a recipient of some action, thought, ect. |
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where the thing starts out, that is, the former owner.
"Terry gave the book to Pat"
Terry is the source (and the agent) |
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| individual that comes into possession of something |
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| "Active" structure vs "Passive" structure |
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Definition
a. Robin heard the explosion.
b. The exposion was heard by Robin.
a. Active
b. Passive |
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content words
definition and parts of speech included |
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Definition
contribute to the meaning of the sentence in sub substantive way.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. |
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| content words are also called... |
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| open lexical category words because new words can be added to the categories at anytime. |
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Function words
definition and parts of speech included
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Provide a function to the sentence.
Prepositions, pronouns, determiners, auxillary verbs, and conjunctions. |
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| Function words are also called... |
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| Closed class lexical words because this class is basically closed, adding new members seldomly, and on rare occasion. |
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refer to real or imaginary and absrtact things, substances, people, places, actions, events.
Identified with open class plural marking, and that they can occur with articles and demonstratives (the, this, that, those, these, ect) |
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actions, events, processes, and states of being.
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describe the things that nouns refer to.
comparative forms or superlative forms.
i.e. (-er or more) vs. ( -est or most) |
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express manner, describe the attitude, or judgement of the speaker, or indicate temporal frequency, among other relations.
Adverbs can modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. As well as entire sentences. |
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Definition
words like the, a, that, those, any, every, many, three, fifteen, some, his, many.
express definiteness, indefiniteness, possession, and quantity, among other things. |
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words like with, in , on, into, for, of, before, without, under.
describes instrument, possessor, as well as various spatial and temporal relations (in, on, before, during, ect)
Appear before NP's |
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words like can, will, must, have, would, and do.
Be, have, do- s/t main verbs other times aux verbs.
Aux verbs work WITH verbs
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