Term
|
Definition
| cells that wrap around axons in the PNS |
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Term
| Schwann cells/oligodendricytes |
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Definition
| no ions can diffuse through these cells, they serve as "electrical tape" for axons, and help prevent loss of signal |
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Term
| Voltage gated sodium channels |
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Definition
| what is located only on Nodes of Ranvier? |
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Term
|
Definition
| signal speed of myelinated conduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| signal speed of unmyelinated conduction |
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Term
| Lidocaine and Tetrodotoxin |
|
Definition
| Voltage gated sodium channel blockers |
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Term
|
Definition
| derived from cocaine, blocks action potential conduction down the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| can stabilize Na current, by making the membrane potential more positive, raising the threshold so the cell is harder to depolarize |
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Term
|
Definition
| makes the membrane easier to depolarize causing increased excitability |
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Term
| acetylcholine-(1st neurotransmitter discovered)the vagus nerve of a froggy was stimulated then they guy collected the schtuff and put it on the frogs heart and watched the hearbeat slow down |
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Definition
| what is Vagus Schtuff and how was it discovered |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters are released in units called ____ |
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Term
| voltage gated Ca+ channels |
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Definition
| the channel the action potential opens at the end of a neuron (terminal bouton) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when calcium channels are opened, which direction does the Ca++ flow? |
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Term
|
Definition
| total neurotransmitter packaged in a vessicle |
|
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Term
| it allows he synaptic vesicles to move to release sites at the presynaptic membrane. |
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Definition
| what does the inward flux of calcium allow for at the terminal bouton |
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Term
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Definition
| the quantity of neurotransmitter released is directly related to the amount of ____ entering the terminal |
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Term
| not only are few released, there is only a few hundred receptors on the post-synaptic cell and it only causes a 1mV change in membrane potential |
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Definition
| glutamate is packaged into quanta of 1000-5000 molecules, but few quanta are released, why does Glutamate not cause an EPSP normally? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what change in membrane potential is caused by acetyl choline on skeletal muscle |
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Term
| the more the pre-synaptic neuron is stimulated, the more vesicles it releases, and potentially more neurotransmitters per quanta |
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Definition
| how can more neurotransmitters be packed into each quanta (supposedly) |
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Term
| chemical, electrical - chemical is more common |
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Definition
| list the two types of synapses, which is more common |
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Term
|
Definition
| in electrical synapses the neurons are connected by this, allowing the electrical current to flow directly from one cell to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| are neurotransmitters needed for electrical synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| ions move cell to cell without stimulating voltage channels in this kind of synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| this synapse can not be turned on or off because the number of ions that travel across cannot be modulated |
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Term
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Definition
| release neurotransmitters from presynaptic membrane and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane (can be modulated) |
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|
Term
the pre-synaptic vesicle can vary the number of vesicles
the post-synaptic neuron can vary the number of receptors |
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Definition
| how can the pre/post synaptic neurons be regulated in a chemical synapse |
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Term
| dendrite, cell body, axon terminal |
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Definition
| 3 places neurons can synapse |
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Term
| they can block the channels right at the end (but the potential can be blocked at several points depending on the location of the synapse) |
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Definition
| cells that synapse at the axon terminal are special how? hint: cock blocking or missing a slam dunk |
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Term
|
Definition
| where the summation of the incoming signals to a neuron occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons not only synapse with neurons, they synapse with other cells, such as muscles, called a ______ |
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Term
| endocrine system, like hormones in the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| neurons can release sunbstances into the bloodstream called ___ |
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Term
|
Definition
| something that releases neurotransmitters that affect itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| when cells nearby get neurotransmitters ex: acetyl choline acting on the SA node |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxytocin and vasopresin are made in the hypothalmus neurons and released by the pituitary, this is an example of _____ |
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Term
| amino acids, amines, purine derivatives |
|
Definition
| list the 3 types of small molecule neurotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
| where small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized and packaged into synaptic vesicles |
|
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Term
| soma of the neuron (made as integral components of large proteins) |
|
Definition
| where peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized |
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Term
|
Definition
| the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord |
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|
Term
| acetylcholine(Ach, seratonin(5-HT), Histamine |
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Definition
| 3 examples of monoamine neurotransmitters |
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|
Term
| dopamine(DA), norepinephrine(NE), epinephrine(E) |
|
Definition
| 3 examples of catecholamines |
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Term
| mood, wakefullness, pleasure senses |
|
Definition
| what 5 hydroxytryptamine regulates (3 things) |
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|
Term
| acetyl Coa + choline (choline acetyltransferase enzyme) |
|
Definition
| what two molecules acetyl choline comes from |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amino acid that seratonin comes from |
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Term
|
Definition
| the precursor amino acid for DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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|
Term
| only the adrenal medulla, it converts nor-epinephrine to epinephrine |
|
Definition
| where is phenylethanolamine-n methyltransferase present, and what does it do |
|
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Term
| they are typically rapidly inactivated after binding to the receptor as they are broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft and then recycled as the pieces are re-absorbed by the terminal bouton |
|
Definition
| how long do the small molecule transmitters last |
|
|
Term
less of the peptides are released than the small molecule neurotransmitters, but the peptides tend to have a prolonged duration of activity (minutes, hours, days, possibly longer)
they 1) alter ion channel function, 2) modify cell metabolism 3) modify gene expression |
|
Definition
| how long do the peptide neurotransmitters last, and how much is released |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter important in allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| important in movement, produced in teh basal ganglia |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter (or its receptors) deficient in Parkinson's disease |
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Term
| made in cell body in the rER (ribosome), secreted to Golgi, then shipped to the nerve terminal |
|
Definition
| the route of peptide neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin |
|
Definition
| the neurotransmitters released by the hypothalamus (3) |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters released by the petuitary (7) |
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Term
|
Definition
| list the peptide endorphins (2) |
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Term
| Substance P, Bradykinin, Angiotensin II |
|
Definition
| Other peptide neurotransmitters (3) |
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|
Term
| substance P according to the picture in the notes |
|
Definition
| which is longer, substance P or angiotensin? |
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Term
| Nitrous oxide, Carbon monoxide |
|
Definition
| what are the gas neurotransmitters (2) |
|
|
Term
| nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide |
|
Definition
| strengthens/alters the pre-synaptic terminals in brain, also have to do with blood vessel diameter |
|
|
Term
| anandamide and arachidonyl glycerol |
|
Definition
| what are the endocannaboids (2) |
|
|
Term
| THC is exogenous whereas the other two (anandamide & arachidonyl glycerol) are endogenous |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between THC and the other cannabanoids? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lipid based neurotransmitters (arachidonic acid) released from the post-synaptic neuron and affect the pre-synaptic terminal (they go backwards) |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually inhibitory to the pre-synaptic neuron, secreted in memory neurons, back inhibits the pre-synaptic neuron by decreasing excitability (something to do with pre-glutamate), in small amounts this can increase memory |
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Term
| we know now that neurons transmit more than one type of neurotransmitter that can bind to more than one type of receptor. example: Ach + NO + peptide could all be secreted from one |
|
Definition
| neurons used to be classified by the neurotransmitter, why doesn't this work anymore |
|
|
Term
| norepinephrine and/or acetylcholine |
|
Definition
| what neurotransmitters would a sympathetic neuron secrete? |
|
|
Term
| transmitter-gated ion channels, and G-protein coupled receptors |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 types of neurotransmitter receptors? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what is another name for transmitter-gated ion channels |
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Term
|
Definition
| another name for g-protein coupled receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| the acetyl choline receptor that is ionotropic |
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Term
|
Definition
| the acetyl choline receptor that is metabotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what drives choline (broken down from acetyl choline) into cells? |
|
|
Term
| atrial muscle cell membrane (in the heart-SA node) |
|
Definition
| where the muscarinic receptor is located |
|
|
Term
| the g protein opens potassium channels which hyperpolarizes the membrane (especially the SA node) this slows heart rate |
|
Definition
| hows does the muscarinic receptor work? |
|
|
Term
| sodium channels are opened (that K+ can also use, but membrane potential at rest is close to K+ so it isn't driven by the gradient) the concentration and electric gradient drive Na+ into the cell |
|
Definition
| how does the Ach nicotinic recptor work? |
|
|
Term
| nicotine and muscarine(from mushrooms) |
|
Definition
| what are the agonists of acetylcholine receptors |
|
|
Term
| curare-(blocks)nicotinic, atropine-(blocks)muscarinic |
|
Definition
| what are the antagonists of the two acetylcholine receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the anesthetic that paralyzed people, but allowed them to still feel pain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what is one of the last muscles to be paralyzed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of receptor is the GABA-a receptor? (metabotropic or ionotropic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlorine, makes an IPSP because it brings negative charges into the cell |
|
Definition
| what channels does the GABA receptor open |
|
|
Term
| it controls how open the channel is when GABA is bound to it |
|
Definition
| what do drugs do to the GABA receptor |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines (valium), barbituates (phenobarbitol), steroids, alcohol (EtOH) |
|
Definition
| what things bind to the GABA-a receptor besides GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening chlorine channels depolarizes the cell or hyperpolarizes the cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is a key component of metabotropic receptors? |
|
|
Term
1. an ion channel
2. an enzyme that produces a second messenger |
|
Definition
| activated G proteins diffuse in the membrane to act on its target, what can its target be (2 things) |
|
|
Term
| in the heart with potassium to slow the pacemaker cells (K+ moves out making the cell more (-) and harder to depolarize) |
|
Definition
| in what channel was the g protein opened directly |
|
|
Term
advantage-the signal is amplified easily
dis-takes forever, metabotropic channels are slower |
|
Definition
| what is the advantage of adenylyl cyclase with G proteins(and metabotropic receptors in general)? disadvantage? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| calcium levels regulate gene expression, and can cause hypertrophy, cell death, or function in metabotropic pathways when ______ binds to the ER and releases the stored calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change conformation and alter function of the protein
-can open ion channels or alter enzyme function |
|
|
Term
| K+ out, less Na+ in, or Cl- in |
|
Definition
| if K+ flows ___, less Na+ ___ or Cl- flows ___ there will be an IPSP |
|
|
Term
| Na+ in, less K+ out = EPSP (depolarization) |
|
Definition
| if more Na+ flows __ and less K+ ___, there will be an EPSP |
|
|
Term
| diffusion, breakdown, reuptake |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 fates of neurotransmitters once they are released? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what neurotransmitter re-uptake is blocked by cocaine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve gas blocks what enzyme? |
|
|
Term
| SSRI's = anti depressant/anti-anxiety medications that inhibit the re-uptake of seratonin into the pre-synaptic cell so that it stays around longer. effects take up to 2 weeks to work, and oddly receptor down regulation(usually happens) doesn't occur, so could have something to do with gene expression or a pathway. |
|
Definition
| how do SSRI's work? what are they? |
|
|
Term
the idea that synapses can be strengthened by
(possibly due to NT acting back on the pre-synaptic neuron)
-increasing the release of NT(# of vessicles) from the pre-synaptic neuron
-increasing response(receptors)of the post synaptic neuron
-increasing the quanta (NT/quanta)
can also have depression(decreased signaling) |
|
Definition
| what is potentiation of synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potentiation is thought to change depending on _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after many, many action potentials eventually the NT stored in vessicles is depleted called _____ ____ |
|
|
Term
| synaptic fatigue-too many excitatory signals (and no inhibitory?) |
|
Definition
| what is thought to cause epileptic seizures |
|
|
Term
| 10,000 times -why seizures can last a while |
|
Definition
| how many times can a neuron be fired before it is thought to fatigue? |
|
|
Term
| increases excitability of neurons (why seizure patients shouldn't hyperventilate) |
|
Definition
| how does alkalosis (increase in pH) affect synaptic transmission? |
|
|
Term
| decreases excitability of neurons (this is why diabetics don't eat and go into comas) |
|
Definition
| what does acidosis do to synaptic transmission? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how does caffeine and theophylline affect neuron excitability? |
|
|
Term
| it inhibits glycine (an inhibitor) thus exciting neurons in the spinal cord, causing tonic muscle spasms that are normally controlled by glycine |
|
Definition
| how does strchnine effect synaptic transmission? |
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