Term
| Suppositories are used for localized effects only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typically vaginal suppositories weigh lower than rectal suppositories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppositories can be used for systemic absorption of drugs and avoid first-pass metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppositories are not suited for people suffering from nausea or vomiting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete DS absorption may not be obtained because suppositories usually promote evacuation of bowel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pessaries are type of suppositories intended for vaginal use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pessaries are used almost exclusively for systemic use medication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideal properties of a suppository base are: (4) |
|
Definition
1. Melt at body temperature.
2. Dissolve in body fluids.
3. Release a medication rapidly.
4. Stable to heating above the melting point. |
|
|
Term
| Fatty bases are designed to melt at body temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theobroma oil is an example of a fatty base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cocoa butter is a mixture of glycerol ester of different saturated fatty acids. |
|
Definition
| False (unsaturated fatty acid) |
|
|
Term
| Cocoa butter is solid at room temperature but melts in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cocoa butter is over-heated and then cooled, it produces alpha and gamma unstable crystalline forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cocoa butter must be slowly melted over a warm water bath to avoid the formation of unstable crystalline form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the disadvantages of cocoa butter is its poor water absorbing ability which cannot be improved. |
|
Definition
| False (it can be improved) |
|
|
Term
| Synthetic hard fat bases have good resistance to oxidation because of the lower content of saturated fatty acids. |
|
Definition
| False (unsaturated fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| Like other fatty bases, propylene glycol is required as a mold lubricant to remove suppositories of synthetic hard base molds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerol-gelatin and macrogels are two examples of water-soluble and water-miscible bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of glycerol-gelatin base include rectal irritation, hygroscopics and may produce laxative effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyethylene glycols (macrogels) with average molecules weight of 300-600 are clear, colorless liquids while those of 600-1000 are semisolids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PEGs of different m.w. are used in varying proportions to produce suppository bases with varying melting point, dissolution rates, and physical characteristics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral oil is usually used as a mold lubricant for glycerol-gelatin suppositories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semisolid dosage forms are applied topically for only local effect. |
|
Definition
| False (local and systemic effects) |
|
|
Term
| Ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms are smooth surface, elegant appearance, gritty, dehydrating, non-greasy, non-staining, hygroscopic, less irritating and none aqueous wash ability. |
|
Definition
False
(gritty, dehydrating, hygroscopic, none aqueous wash ability are NOT IDEAL) |
|
|
Term
| Lotion can be classified as a semisolid dosage form. |
|
Definition
| False (Lotion is an emulsion) |
|
|
Term
| The only way to incorporate drug substance in an ointment is by suspending it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creams can be both o/w and w/o types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pastes are generally thin and contain small amount of finely divided particles. |
|
Definition
| False (thick with lots of particles) |
|
|
Term
| jellies must be transparent and non-greasy. |
|
Definition
| False (not all have to be transparent) |
|
|
Term
| Plaster provide prolonged drug contact with the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skin may be classified based on thickness (thin or thick) of the epidermis (especially the surface layer-stratum conium). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only factors which influence skin penetration are physico-chemical properties of drug substance and effect of vehicles. |
|
Definition
| False (many factors for skin penetration) |
|
|
Term
| All factors such as skin age, its temperature and hydration level effect skin penetration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active substances' molecular characteristics including its polymorphism states and partition coefficient would influence skin penetration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vehicle volatility does not influence skin penetration. |
|
Definition
| False (it does influence penetration) |
|
|
Term
| Oleaginous bases are fats, fixed oils, anhydrous but do absorb water. |
|
Definition
| False (do not absorb water, they are fats) |
|
|
Term
| Oleaginous bases may be used for all typical semisolid preparations including those applied to infected skin. |
|
Definition
| False (Do not apply to infected skin) |
|
|
Term
| Oleaginous bases are used for hydrolysable drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption bases are identical to oleaginous base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption bases are anhydrous substances and may absorb considerable quantities of water but still retain their ointment-like consistency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most absorption bases are o/w type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/O emulsion bases have the same properties as the absorption bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/O emulsion bases are anhydrous, hydrophilic, non-water removable and occlusive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/O emulsion bases are used as drug vehicles only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O/W emulsion bases are hydrous, water soluble and water washable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water washable bases contain oil but are completely soluble in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrogels are mixture of water and polycondensation products of ethylene oxide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some advantages of water-soluble bases are: (3) |
|
Definition
1. non-greasy
2. lipid free
3. relatively inert |
|
|
Term
| Oleaginous and all absorption bases provide higher levels of occlusion and emollient properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pharmaceutical factors is selecting an appropriate base are stability, effect on skin, non-irritant, consistency and emulsifying properties. |
|
Definition
| False (dermatology effects) |
|
|
Term
| Penetration enhances promote per-cutaneous absorption, improves solubility of API in the stratum corneum and facilitate drug diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ideal characteristics of penetration enhancers include: no therapeutic activity, non-irritating and enhance penetration in multi-directional pathways. |
|
Definition
| False (uni-directional pathways) |
|
|
Term
| Antioxidants may be classified as antioxigens, reducing agents or antioxidant synergist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antioxidants act by reacting with free radicals attacking the healthy cells of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humectants increase the solubility of drug substance, elevate skin penetration and elevate skin hydration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gelling agents are organic hydrocolloids or hydrophobic inorganic substances and form a weakly cohesive internal structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one is ideally suited for wet granulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one would generate heat during milling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Per USP, the average net contents of 10 semisolid containers should not be less than the labeled amount. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of metal particles is more problematic with the ophthalmic ointments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All semisolid preparations packaged in tubes require sterility testing. |
|
Definition
| False (only ophthalmics need to be sterile) |
|
|
Term
| All semisolids are packaged aluminum or plastic tubes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsion is a dispersion system of two immiscible liquids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In emulsion, dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An emulsion is thermodynamically stable. |
|
Definition
| False (thermodynamically unstable) |
|
|
Term
| There are four elements in any emulsion: (4) |
|
Definition
1. Dispersed phase
2. Dispersion phase
3. Emulsifying agent
4. Energy |
|
|
Term
| Dispersed phase may be termed as internal or continuous phase. |
|
Definition
| False (continuous = external phase) |
|
|
Term
| Dispersed phase may be termed as internal or discontinuous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous phase is also called 'external phase' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous phase is also called 'dispersion phase' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In o/w emulsion, oil droplets are dispersed in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In w/o emulsion, oil droplets are dispersed in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micro emulsions are kinetically stable but thermodynamically unstable. |
|
Definition
| False (kinetically unstable, thermodynamically stable) |
|
|
Term
| Macro emulsions are thermodynamically stable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In macro emulsion, diameter of dispersed phase droplets is less than 0.1 um. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O/W/O is multiple emulsion in which water is the dispersion phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is the dispersion phase in w/o/w |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lotions are considered as a type of emulsion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mono molecular layers of emulsifying agents are curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion is called as ________ theory of emulsification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is considered as an additive in emulsion formulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulgents are added to an emulsion to prevent coalescence of the globules of the dispersed phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsion is a thermodynamically stabilized by reducing interfacial tension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formation of a rigid interfacial film provides mechanical barrier to coalescence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An acceptable emulsifier must be stable, compatible with other ingredients, non-toxic, with odor, taste or color. |
|
Definition
| False (odorless, tasteless, colorless) |
|
|
Term
| Emulsifiers may be classified as synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural, and finely divided solid particles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthetic surfactants reduce interfacial tension and make the emulsion thermodynamically more stable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthetic surfactants form protective mono-molecular film by adsorbing at oil/water interface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surfactants may be cationic, anionic or nonionic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quaternary ammonium compounds carry positive charge and are an example of anionic surfactant. |
|
Definition
| False (cationic = positive) |
|
|
Term
| Semi-synthetic and natural surfactants form a multi-molecular film around the droplets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semi-synthetic surfactants like CMC, are used for formulating w/o type of emulsion and act primarily by increasing viscosity of the system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tragacanth is an example of natural surfactant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 'Particle films' types of surfactants function by forming a physical barrier to coalescence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bentonite and veegum are examples of 'particle films' types of emulsifiers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsifiers with HLB values between 3 and 6 are used to form o/w type of emulsions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emulsifiers with HLB value between 8 and 18 are used for o/w type of emulsions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial preservatives are used against bacterial growth only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antioxidation occurs by free radical reaction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creaming, flocculation, and phase inversion are a few examples of physical instability of emulsions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When neighboring globules come closer to each other and form colonies in continuous phase, it is termed as _____ type of emulsion instability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When globules move at the top or bottom of the emulsion, it is termed as _____ type of emulsion instability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process in which dispersed particles come together but do not fuse is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process in which dispersed particles merge with each other to form large particles is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dilution, conductivity and/or dye-solubility tests are used to determine emulsion type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/O emulsion can be diluted by water without phase separation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When water soluble red dye (amaranth) is added to an emulsion and the dispersed globules appear red and continuous phase remains colorless, then the type of emulsion is: |
|
Definition
|
|
