Term
| ___ is the preferred drug for managaing diabetes during_____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Severly ill diabetic pts are treated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of type 2 diatbetes usu result from |
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Definition
cellular resistance to insulin's actions
-not from insulin deficiency |
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Term
| Caompared with conventional therapy, intensive insulin theapy carries a greater risk of |
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Definition
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Term
| Other drawbacks of intensive insulin therapy include____,_____,_____,and ____. |
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Definition
| cost, inconvenience, complexity, and wgt gain |
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Term
| ____ can delay awareness of ____ by masking_________ that are casued by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
| Beta blockers, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia-induced signs |
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Term
| Hypoglycemia-induced signs that are caused by the SNS include |
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Definition
| tachycardia and palpitations |
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Term
| Beta blockers inhibit hte breakdown of |
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Definition
| hepatic glycogen to glucose |
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Term
| When hepatic glycogen is able to breakdown glucose, restoration of normalized ____ if ____ should occur. |
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Definition
| blood glucose and hypoglycemia |
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Term
| __________ stimulate release of insulin from the pancreas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sulfonylureas increase ________ to insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major adverse effect of sylfonylureas? |
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Definition
| hypoglycemia and sudden cardiac death |
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Term
| Because metformin increases glucose uptake by muscle, there is not a risk of |
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Definition
| hypoglycemia with this drug |
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Term
| Metformin is used to tx ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Metformin should be taken with food to decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ and _________ increase insulin sensitivity of target cells in pts with DMII. |
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Definition
| Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone |
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Term
| Rosiglitazone and pioglitasone are |
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Definition
| thiazolindinediones and glitazones |
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Term
| Testing serum levels for ________ is the most sensitive way to dx hypothyroidism |
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Definition
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Term
| Propylthiouracil is what type of medication? |
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Definition
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Term
| Propylthiouracil benefits pts with hypothyroidism by suppressing ____ and preventing the conversion of __ to ___. |
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Definition
| thyroid hormone synthesis and T4 to T3 |
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Term
| Full benefits of propylthiouracil may take ____ to develop full effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| If an antithyroid medicatiooin is required in pregnancy or breastfeeding, ____ is preferred over _____. |
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Definition
| propylthiouracil and methimazole |
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Term
| full effects of 131I (radioactive iodine) may take _____ to develop |
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Definition
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Term
| Radioactive Iodine is contraindicated during |
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Definition
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Term
| When used in pharmacologic does for prolonged times,________ can cause severe physiologic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse effects from glucorticoids are not seen with |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal insufficiency, osteoporosis, increased vulnerability to infection, muscle wasting, thinning of the skin, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, glucose intolerance, and peptic ulcer disease are all adverse effects of |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucorticoids cause____loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucorticoids can increase the risk of toxicity from ____ due to K+ loss. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glocorticoids can exacerbate hypokalemia caused by____ and ____ diuretics |
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Definition
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Term
| Concurrent use of NSAIDs with glucorticoids increases the risk of |
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Definition
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Term
| The minimize the expression of ______, glucorticoids should be tapered very gradually |
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Definition
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Term
| Following glucorticoid withdrawal, supplemental glucorticoids are needed at times of stress until |
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Definition
| adrenal fx has fully recovered |
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Term
| What time of the day should glucorticoids be administered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rationale for glucorticoids being administered early in the morning? |
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Definition
| minimizes adrenal insufficiency and mimics the burst of glucorticoids released naturally by the adrenals in the morning |
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Term
| __________ is critical to the fx of skeletal, nervous, muscular, and cardiovascular systems |
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Definition
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Term
| More than 98% of the body's calcium is present in the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____resorb old bone and __________ lay down new bone |
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Definition
| osteoclasts and osteoblast |
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Term
| How does the body maintain calcium levels? |
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Definition
| resorption from the bones, absorption from the intestine, and excretion by the kidney |
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Term
| The process of calcium homeostasis is maintained by____,____, an d____. |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone, vit D, and calcitonin |
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Term
| PTH elevates serum calcium by promoting resorption of calcium from |
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Definition
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Term
| PTH enhances _____ of calcium |
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Definition
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Term
| PTH activates ____ which then promotes absorption of calcium from the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D increases serum calcium by increasing calcium resorption from the |
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Definition
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Term
| Vit D decrease calcium excretion from the |
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Definition
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Term
| Vit D increases calcium absorption from the |
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Definition
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Term
| _Calcitonin lowers calcium levels by inhibiting calcium resorption from ___ and increasing calcium excretion by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is used primarily for osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcitonin-salmon benefits derive from inhibiting bone resorption by |
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Definition
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Term
| Bioabailability of ______ is very low in the absence of food and essentially zero in the presence of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How long should you wait to eat after taking alendronate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alendronate can cause severe______ if it stays in contact with the esophageal mucosa. |
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Definition
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Term
| When taking alendronate, pt should take the drug with |
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Definition
a full glass of water
-remain upright for at least 30mins |
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Term
| though it's rare, alendronate has been associated with _____,_____, and _____. |
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Definition
| musculoskeletal pain, ocular inflammation, and osteonecrosis of the jaw |
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Term
| Pt taking alendronate should not recieve |
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Definition
dental implants
-due to osteonecrosis of the jaw |
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Term
| Name a drug listed for the tx of osteoporosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Teriparitide is the only drug that works by |
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Definition
| increasing bone formation |
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Term
| What is the objective of osteoporosis therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Current drugs on the market for osteoporosis are better at ____ of bone loss than______ bone that is already gone. |
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Definition
| prevention and rebuilding |
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Term
| What are some antiresorptive drugs? |
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Definition
| estrogen, raloxifene, bisphosphonates (alendronate), and calcitonin |
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Term
| Antiresorptive drugs decrease bone loss by |
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Definition
| inhibiting the activity of oteoclasts |
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Term
| Estrogen increases______ and reduces fracture risk. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the safest drug for osteoporosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium is less effective than _____ or _____. |
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Definition
estrogen or alendronate
-comparisons with raloxifene are not available |
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Term
| A BMI of 25-29.9 indicates |
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Definition
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Term
| A BMI of 30 or more indicates |
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Definition
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Term
| When taking anitobesity drugs, most pts will _____ after the the medication is discontinued. |
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Definition
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Term
| To remain effective, antiobesity drugs must be taken |
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Definition
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Term
| How does orlistat promote weight loss? |
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Definition
| decreases absorption of dietary fat |
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Term
| The underlying mechanism of action for orlistat is inhibition of ____ and _____ |
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Definition
| gastric and pancreatic lipases |
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Term
| What GI sypmtoms do orlistat cause? |
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Definition
| oily spotting, fecal urgency, oily stools, and fecal incontinence |
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Term
| GI sypmtomes caused by orlistat are a direct result of |
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Definition
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Term
| GI sypmtoms caused by orlistat can be minimized by ______ and taking_____. |
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Definition
| reducing fat intake and psyllium (bulk-forming laxative) |
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