Term
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Definition
| was the first to describe a group of specific anatomic changes that occurred in rats that were exposed to different variety of experimental stimuli in the 1930s |
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Term
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Definition
| a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it. |
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Term
| Seyle noticed what in patients? |
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Definition
| that although they had diverse disease conditions, they had many signs and symptoms in common- they experience loss of appetite, muscular strength, and ambition to accomplish anything along with lose of weight and facial expression. |
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Term
| Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in |
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Definition
| development of stress response |
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Term
General adaptation syndrome.
(GAS) |
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Definition
general=because the effect is a general systemic reaction
adaptive=because the response was in reaction to a stessor
Syndrome=because the physical manifestations were coordinated and dependent on eachother. |
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Term
| there are three stages to GAS |
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Definition
| alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis, resulting in release of catecholamines and cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| the body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense. Cortisol levels that were present during the first stage drop because they are no longer needed |
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Term
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Definition
| resources are depleted and signs of "wear and tear" systemic damage appear.many ailments are initiated by the "body itself because of its faulty adaptive reactions to potentially injurious agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| can be endogenous, arising from within the body or exogenous, arising from outside the body. |
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Term
| 2 factors determine the nature of the stress response |
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Definition
the properties of the stressor and the conditioning of the person being stressed.
NOT ALL STRESSORS ARE BAD
(eustress-not harmful vs. distress= harmful) |
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Term
| when does stress become detrimental |
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Definition
| when it is severe, protracted, and uncontrolled situations of psychological and physical distress that are disruptive of health. |
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Term
| stressors are complicated because |
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Definition
| they produce different responses in different persons or in the same person at different times, indicating the influence of the adaptive capacity of the person, or "conditioning factors" |
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Term
| cognitive activation theory of stress |
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Definition
| stress response depends on what a person expects to happen in a given situation given previous learning experiences. and that the HPA axis, adrenomedullary hormonal system, and sympathetic nervous system are differentially activated depending on type and intensity of stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| integrates signals recieved along neurosensory pathways and from circulating mediators that are carried in the blood stream |
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Term
| results of coordinated release of neurohormones |
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Definition
| include mobilization of energy, a sharpened focus and awareness, increased cerebral blood flow, and glucose utilization, enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, redistribution of blood flow to the brain and muscles, modulation of the immune response, inhibition of reproductive function, and a decrease appetite |
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Term
stress response is meant to be a chronic response.
TRUE OR FALSE |
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Definition
FALSE!!!!
it is meant to be acute so that it only stays on as long as it takes to get body back to homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| it is used to describe the physiologic changes in the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems that occur in response to either real or perceived challenges to homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to measure the cumulative effects of stress on humans |
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Term
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Definition
source= locus ceruleus, adrenal medula
produces a decrease in insulin release and increase in glucagon release resulting in increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis,proteolysis, and decreased glucose uptake by peripheral tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| increase heart rate, cardiac contractibility, and vascular smooth muscle contraction; and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. |
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Term
| Corticotropin-releasing factor |
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Definition
source: hypothalamus
stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and increased activity of the locus ceruleus neurons |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
source: anterior pituitary
stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol |
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Term
| Glucocorticoid hormones (ex. cortisol) |
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Definition
source: adrenal cortex
potentiates the actions of epinephrine and glucagon; inhibits the release and/or actions of the reproductive hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone; and produces a decrease immune cells and inflammatory mediators |
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Term
Mineralocorticoid hormones
ex. aldosterone |
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Definition
source:adrenal cortex
increases sodium absorption by the kidney |
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Term
antidiuretic hormone
ex. vasopressin |
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Definition
source: hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
increases water absorption by the kidney; produces vasoconstriction of blood vessels; and stimulates the release of ACTH |
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Term
| where do components of the stress response occur |
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Definition
| at the level of the central nervous system |
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Term
| what does the stress response rely on? |
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Definition
| communication along neuronal pathways of cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus,pituitary, and reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Term
| The cerebral cortex is involved in... |
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Definition
| vigilance, cognition, and focused attention, and the limbic system with the emotional components of the stress response. |
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Term
| The thalamus functions as... |
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Definition
| the relay center and is important in receiving, sorting out, and distributing sensory imput. |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates the responses of the endocrine and autonomic systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| modulates mental alertness, ANS activity, and skeletal muscle tone, using input from other neural structures. Also stimulates musculoskeletal tension that occurs during the stress response |
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Term
| the RAS is very complex because |
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Definition
| individual brain circuits that participate in the mediation of the stress response interact and regulate the activity of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| central to the neural component of the neuroendocrine response to stress and is densely populated with neurons that produce norepinephrine and is thought to be central integrating site for the ANS response to stressful stimuli |
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Term
| Locus Ceruleus norepinephrine |
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Definition
| has afferent pathways to the hypothalamus, the limbic system, the hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system manifestation of the stress reaction |
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Definition
| is called fight or flight reaction |
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Term
| what happens during fight or flight |
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Definition
| the heart and respiratory rates increase, the hands and feet become moist, the pupils dialate, the mouth becomes dry, and the activity of the gastrointestinal system decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| central to the endocrine component of the neuroendocrine response to stress and is a small peptide hormone found in both the hypothalamus and the extrahypothalamic structures, such as the limbic system and brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| it is an endocrine regulator of pituitary and adrenal activity and a neurotransmitter involved in ANS activity, metabolism and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| are distributed throughout the brain as well as many peripheral sites |
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Term
| Glucocorticoid hormones can |
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Definition
| have direct or indirect physiologic effects that mediate the stress response enhance the action of the other stress hormones, or suppress other components of the stress system |
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Term
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Definition
| acts not only as a mediator of the stress response but as an inhibitor, such that overactivation of the stress response does not occur. Also can do is supress osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, protein and collagen synthesis, and immune response. |
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Term
| Cortisol maintains blood glucose how? |
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Definition
by antagonizing the effects of insulin and enhances the effect of catecholamines on the cardiovascular system.
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Term
| Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and activate what system |
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Definition
| the peripheral renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which mediates a peripheral increase in vascular tone and renal retention of sodium and water. |
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Term
| the changes of the RAAS contribute to... |
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Definition
| physiologic changes that occur with stress response and, if prolonged, may contribute to pathologic changes. |
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Term
| Angiotensin II, peripherally delivered or locally produced effect the CNS |
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Definition
| receptors are widely distributed in the hypothalamus and locus ceruleus which contributes to the release of ACTH from the pituitary, enhances stress-induced release of vasopressin, and stimulates the release of norepinephrine from the locus ceruleus |
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Term
| Systems responsible for reproduction, growth and immunity are |
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Definition
| directly linked to the stress system |
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Term
| prolonged presence of cortisol |
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Definition
| leads to suppression of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, and others. Along with decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and inhibition of conversion of thyroxine to the more biologically active triiodothyronine in peripheral tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| the firing of serotonergic neurons as well as most reproductive hormones at the hypophyseal level |
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Term
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Definition
are inhibited by cortisol at the pituitary,gonadal, and target tissue levels.
sepsis can induce anovulation and amenorrhea in women and decreased spermatogenesis and levels of testosterone in men |
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Term
| Endocrine-immune interactions |
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Definition
are known to suppress the immune system
ex. increased corticosteriod production and atrophy of the thymus |
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Term
| Endocrine-immune interaction effects |
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Definition
| emotional and psychological manifestations of the stress response reflect alterations in the CNS resulting from the immune response |
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Term
| Monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Definition
| can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and take up residence in the brain, where they secrete chemical messengers called cytoines that influence the stress response |
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Term
| What evidence supports that the immune and neuroendocrine systesm interact |
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Definition
| they share common signal pathways that hormones and neuropeptides can alter the function of immune cells, and that the immune system and its mediators can modulate neuroendocrine function. receptors for CNS-controlled hormones have also been found on lymphocytes |
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Term
Cortisol is known to suppress immune system.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines like interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor that are released from immune cells |
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Term
| Second possible route for neuroendocrine regulation of the immune function |
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Definition
| is through the sympathetic nervous system and the release of catecholamines. Also lymph nodes, thymus and spleen are supplied with ANS nerve fibers. acting CRF activates ANS through multisynaptic descending pathways, and circulating epinephrine acts with CRF and cortisol to inhibit immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| differentially stimulate the proliferation of subtypes of T-lymphocyte helper cells which secrete cytokines to stimulate immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| are activated by a second type of stress hormone and they humoral-mediated immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| is found throughout life and is perhaps the one attribute that distinguishes most clearly the world of life from the world of inanimate matter. WE DO NOT PASSIVELY SUBMIT TO IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES |
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Term
| our body's responses to physiologic disturbances |
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Definition
| are controlled on a moment-by-moment basis by feedback mechanisms that limit their application and duration of action |
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Term
physiologic disturbances that threaten the integrity of the internal environment is specific to the threat.
TRUE OR FALSE? |
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Definition
| TRUEEEEEE!! our body doesnt raise our body temperature when an increase in heart rate is needed. |
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Term
psychological disturbances are treated with the same specificity of feedback control as with physiological.
True or false?
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Definition
| FALSE. our body can not regulate what it is responding to when it is psychological so the effect may be inappropriate and sustained |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional and behavioral responses used to manage threats to our physiologic and psychological homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt |
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Term
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Definition
| many organs have on such as lungs, kidneys and adrenals. They are paired because both are not needed buy they ensure the continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment |
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Term
| Efficient changes in adaptation |
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Definition
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Term
| We must have available adaptive responses |
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Definition
| for the flexibility of our body's selection of the most appropriate and economical response to work. |
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Term
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Definition
| ensure or essential systems are able to adapt adequately |
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Term
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Definition
| it is affected by the extremes. as infants we are impaired by our bodys immaturity and as elders our physiologic reserve function decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| our sex hormones are what set men and women apart in terms of diseases. we have differences in locale and regulation of individual genes that accout for the differences in the physiologic function and disease manifestation |
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Term
Gender effect the stress response
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Definition
because there are different physiologica stress responses in the HPA axis and the ANS. ex. male hypothalamus produces more CRF and ACTH than premenopausal women in response to psychological stess. Premenopausal women have lower activation of sympathetic nervous system.
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Term
| Adaptability and Health status |
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Definition
| Phsyical and mental health determine our physiologic and psychologic reserves and determine our adaptability. Severe emotional stress often producess disruption of physiologic function and limits the ability to make appropriate choices related to long-term adaptive needs. |
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Term
| Adaptability and Nutrition |
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Definition
| malnutrition may be one of the most common causes of immunodeficiency. Among dietary problems is excesses such as obesity and alcohol abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain function and with long term use can seriously impair the function of the liver, brain and other vital structures. |
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Term
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Definition
sleep is cyclic with periods of wakefulness and increased energy use. Sleep disorders lead to altered immune function decreased circadian hormone secretion, and change in physical and psychological functioning.
most common are insomnia and sleep deprivation (increased somnolence) |
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Term
| adaptability and hardiness |
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Definition
| personality characteristics that includes a sense of having control over the environment, a sense of having a purpose in life, and an ability to conceptualize stressors as a challenge rather than a threat |
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Term
| adaptability and psychological factors |
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Definition
| social support has direct and indirect possitive effects on health status and serves as a buffer or modifier of the physical and psychological effects of stress |
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Term
| manifestations of acute stess |
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Definition
| pounding headache, cold, moist skin, a stiff neck caused by neural pathways mediating arousal, alertness, vigilance, cognition,and focused attention as well as appropriate aggression |
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Term
| acute stress response my be lifesaving because |
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Definition
| they divert blood from less essential to more essential body functions. Increased alertness and cognitive functioning enable rapid processing of information and arrival at a good solution to a threatening situation. |
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Term
| when and why can acute stress be detrimental |
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Definition
when: people with limited coping abilities.
It can interrupt compliance with medication regimens and exercise programs in sick adults and it can redirect attention away from proper health techniques in healthy adults.It can be life threatening if the person is physically immobilized in a time of disaster |
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Term
| physiological function and be altered in many ways by chronic stress. |
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Definition
| components may fail, neural and hormonal connections may become dysfunctional, and when the stimulus of stress response is too prolonged our body starts to send out inappropriate responses |
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Term
| Chronic stress is linked to many diseases |
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Definition
| cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, and neurologic systems, along with depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorders, accidents and suicides. |
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Term
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Definition
| is associated with increased risk of the common cold, and this is attributed to increased rates of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased immune response and slower wound healing |
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