Term
|
Definition
| huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preliminary shift away from an agricultural ecomomy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
|
Definition
| Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political ideology that fluorished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights thatn liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identitiy based on ethnic origins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire |
|
|
Term
| French Revolution of 1830 |
|
Definition
| second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy |
|
|
Term
| Belgian Revolution of 1830 |
|
Definition
| produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industreial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s |
|
|
Term
| French Revolution of 1848 |
|
Definition
| overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discoverer of germs and of the purifying process anmed after him |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussain king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability |
|
|
Term
| American Civil War (1861-1865) |
|
Definition
| fought to prevent secessioin of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the satus quo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the Euorpean balance of power system before World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agrement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; pat of the European balance of power system before World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political viewpoint with origins in western Euorpe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advoacated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest |
|
|
