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| A set of inter-related constructs (concepts), definitions, propositions, that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables for the purposes of explaining and predicting phenomena |
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| A useful theory should allow for the formulation of ______ to test its verity |
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| is a statement of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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| What does a hypothesis test? |
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| The investigator’s hunch or expectation |
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| type of hypothesis used that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis can never be proven. A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it |
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| “There will be a statistically significant difference found in..” it tells where the difference will be found in (i.e. the direction). Predicts there’s going to be a difference and where |
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| Characteristics that the researcher controls or manipulates according to the purpose of the study. What’s changing |
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| The outcome of interest, which should change in response to some intervention. The outcome |
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| Characteristics not of primary interests that affects the dependent variables. Things you need to control the “bugs” of the study |
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| 1.Does a person’s age affect psychosocial adjustment following a burn injury? ID Dependent and Independent variable |
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1.Dependent-Psychosocial adjustement
2.Independent- Age is manipulated |
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| 2.How do physically handicapped children differ from non-handicapped children with respect to health self-concepts? ID Dependent and Independent variable |
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1.Dependent- Self-concepts
2.Independent-Physical Condition |
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| 3.Do patients who administer their own pain medication have lower pain ratings than patients whose pain medication is administered by nurses? ID Dependent and Independent variable |
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1.Dependent- Pain ratings
2.Independent- Patients with pain |
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| 4.Is the intracranial pressure of comatose patients affected by the presence of conversing visitors? ID Dependent and Independent variable |
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1.Dependent-ICP
2.Independent- Presence/absence of visitors conversing |
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| 5.How does a bonnet compare to stockinette in preventing heat loss in newborns? ID Dependent and Independent variable |
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1.Dependent-heat loss
2.Independent- type of head covering |
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| Describes does the measure appear appropriate |
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| For instance, if you prepare a test to measure whether students can perform multiplication, and the people you show it to all agree that it looks like a good test of multiplication ability, you have shown the face validity of your test, describes what? |
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| Describes is the measurement based upon theory |
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| If someone’s heart is in appropriate rhythm measurement based on the theory of electrical conduction, this is an example of what? |
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| Descibes is the test broad enough to address the scope of the content |
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| Having a patho exam covering the entire body, describes what? |
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| Concerned with limiting or controlling factors and events, other than the independent variable, which may cause changes in the outcome (dependent variable) |
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| Threats to Internal Validity: |
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1.Temporal: History (passage of time), Attrition (why did you drop out the study), Maturation (physiologic aging),
2.Measurement Effects: Testing, Instrumentation, Statistical Regression to the mean (the people on the outliers, when tested again are in the average area), Sampling |
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| Concerned with factors which may affect the generalization of the conclusions drawn from a study |
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| Threats to External Validity |
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1.Population: Accessibility, Subject-treatment interaction (different people react different to same treatment)
2.Ecological: Description of the variables (If the variables are not described detailed enough to be replicated exactly the results will be different), Multiple treatments (test order) |
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| What describes is the instrument consistent |
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| What describes more than 1 individual making the measurement |
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| What describes the degree of agreement among multiple repetitions of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater. |
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| Describes the population or sample (descriptive statistics) |
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| Measures of central tendency |
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| What describes the exmaple of the most common gender in class is female |
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| Measures of cenrtral tendency |
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| Refers to how closely the data cluster around the measure of central tendency |
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| pattern for the distribution of a set of data which follows a bell shaped curve. |
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| populationstandard deviation |
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| Consists of named categories, with no implied order among the categories, classifies objects into mutually exclusive categories based on some defined characteristic with no logical ordering to the categories (ex. gender, marital status, eye color) |
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| Consists of ordered categories, where the differences between categories cannot be considered to be equal, with a logical order to the categories (ex. good, better, best & excellent, satisfactory, unsatisfactory) |
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| Has equal distances between values, but the zero point is arbitrary, because there can be negative points (ex. when its 0 degrees, scores on an intelligence test) |
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| Has equal intervals between values and a meaningful zero point (ex. ) degrees when concerning flexion, zero doesn’t mean nothing, it means it can’t go further) |
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| nominal and ordinal levels of measurement are termed_________ |
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| You should know that you cannot perform arithmetic functions with ______ or ______ data; even if numbers are assigned to categories! |
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| You should know that an observed measurement = ? |
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| Intervening is also known as a _________ variable. |
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| What level of measurement is degrees on Celsius scale? |
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| What level of measurement is students class rank? |
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| What level of measurement is number of cigarettes smoked per day? |
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| What level of measurement is scores on an inteligence test? |
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| What level of measurement is religious preference? |
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| What level of measurement is military rank? |
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| What level of measurement is type of OB delivery? |
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| What level of measurement is white blood cell count? |
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| looks at how well the test performs and if it is useful when judged against a standard |
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| Looks at how well the tests perform and if its useful when judged against a standard |
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| assessed whether and how well a test predicts a specific phenomena or outcome |
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| ex.) how well does a positive Ober test (a straight leg raise) accurately predict a lumbar disc protrusion, shows what type of validity? |
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| asks whether the tests performs as well as an accepted test. Generally this test is used to validate a short or noninvasive version of a test |
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| ex.) what type of validity test would be used to establish the validity of a urine test as opposed to a serum glucose test to monitor diabetes mellitus |
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| Refers to the capacity of an assessment to inform which intervention will have the best outcomes for a client |
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| means subjects are matched |
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| might also include no treatment |
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| means no equivelent and denoted the groups may be substantially different |
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| What design is the WEAKEST, no control group, sensitivity to temporal threats (history, temporal and attririon) to internal validity, poor generalizability |
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1. The investigator measured the temperature of a sample of children one day before and one day after they had received a smallpox inoculation
1. What type of design?
2. Write in shorthand |
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1. Pre-experiemntal design
2. O X O because it is a “before-after” design and no reference or control group is described |
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| Wgat design group entails Randomization: does not mean identical but equivalent and is used to help balance factors among groups, a control group. |
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2.Women with RA were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: heat, cold or contrast baths. Edema was measured using an immersion technique one day before treatment and later after they received six treatments. (before treatment and after treatment measure)
1. What type of design?
2. Write in shorthand? |
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1. Experimental design, This is a pre-test , post test control group design using three groups. Because patients are used a strict control (withholding treatment ) cannot be used.
2.R O X1 O
R O X2 O
R O X3 O |
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3. In order to compare the effects of tPA and no tPA, patients, patients presenting within 4 hours of a CVA were randomly selected to receive or not receive tPA. Six days after admission to the hospital patients were compared using the FIM.
1. What type of design?
2. Write in shorthand |
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1. Experimental Design, no pretest
2. R Xtpa O
R Xnotpa O |
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| have characteristics of experimental designs but lack at least one of the typical characteristics that would make them a “true” experimental design. |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design |
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4. In order to test the effect of positive imagery on psychomotor skills two classes from the same school were used. The subjects in one class received instruction on visual imagery while the other class did not. Subjects’ times to complete the psychomotor test battery were measured before and after one class received visual imagery training.
1. What type of design?
2. Write inshorthand |
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1. Quasi-experimental design
2. O X1 O
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O X2 O |
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| You should know ______is important because if one does not gather data in a reliable fashion, observed differences could be due to error rather than actual change. |
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| If data are gathered and reliability is poor or absent, the data are ____ and any conclusions drawn from the data are likely to be _______ |
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| The Pearson correlation is inappropriate for assessing _______ because it ignores systematic errors. (Remember the example, of the scale that measures 5 pounds heavy) The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) is the preferred measure of reliability for _________ data |
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| The best ways to improve reliability are to follow a ______ and practice the ________ before taking measurements |
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| protocol, protocol/procedure |
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| Two criteria must be met. First, every member of the population should have an equal probability of being included in the sample. Second, the choice of one member of the sample in no way should affect the choice of another member in the sample. Each member of the sample is drawn independently of every other member |
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| Selection is not returned to the population it was drawn from (M & M did not get put back into bag). For example: The odds of drawing the Ace of hearts would be 1 out of 52 for the first draw, 1 out of 51 for the second draw, 1 out of 50 for the third and so on. |
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| Random Sample without replacement |
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| is returned to the population it was drawn from (M & M was put back into bag). For example: The odds of drawing the ACE of hearts would be 1 in 52 and after each selection the card would be returned to the deck. |
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| Random sample with replacement |
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| Is obtained when all the members of a particular geographic area or a particular type are studied. |
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| Many times in a clinical research study, the investigator does not have access to the entire population or even to a large segment of the population he or she wishes to study. For example, the subjects may only be those individuals who have the financial or economic resources to seek health care, or perhaps, only those whose insurance covers physical therapy. Therefore the selection or the sample is biased toward individuals of economic means. |
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| Selecting every subjects for the sample from a particular population. For example, suppose one wanted to investigate physical therapists attitudes toward direct access to physical therapy. The population consists of all licensed physical therapists in the US. The investigator in this case could choose to survey every twenty-second physical therapist on a list of all licensed physical therapists in the US. |
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| _________ measurement; the most common score |
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| All levels of measurement. Mode |
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| ______& ______measurement; the sum of the scores divided up by th number of subjest |
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| ______, _____ & ______ measurement; the value at the midpoint |
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| Ordinal, Ratio & interval. Median |
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| ___________ measurment; Differernce between the highest and lowest scores |
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| _______ measures; measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean. |
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| Continous. Standard Deviation |
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| You should know that _________ is used as a denominator in the equation for calculating sd because using n _________ the dispersion for small samples |
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| Parameters describe _____________ and Statisctics describe_____________ |
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| Greek letters are used to denote ________ and Latin letters are used to denote _____________ |
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Greek letters- parameters
Latin letters- statistics |
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| sample standard deviation |
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| Median is the preferred measure of central tendency for __________ distributions |
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| 68% of scores for standard deviation are found between _____ to ____ standard deviation. |
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| ___% of scores for standard deviation aare found between +2 to -2 |
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| >99% of the scores found between _____ to ____ standard deviaition. |
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