used for grouping

can't be ordered

ie-color

Can be ordered

How do you feel scale

Equal distance between data points

no absolute zero

temperature F

absolute zero

can be used with all mathematical operations

ie: how many times did you do something

mean, median and mode

the way that data groups around a central point

measure of dispersion

standard deviation divided by square root of sample size

estimates how much a subject's score can be expected to vary across successive administrations

directional

when variables change in the same direction

amount of relation that is determined by the two variables

what part of the correlation is not left to chance

r²

Accounts for a certain percentage of the variance between groups

a normal distribution

bell-shaped curve

distance between points is equal

difference between a single score and the mean

divided by the standard deviation

measure of asymmetry of a distribuation

can be positive, negative, or undefined

means more of the variance is the result of infrequent extreme deviations as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations

Basically this means you have a lot of out-liers in your data set

reliability

standardized instructions

increased number of items or observations

no unclear items

moderate easiness of difficultness of tests

minimized effect of external events

extent to which inferences made from a test are appropriate, meaningful, and useful

Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure

Analysis of variance

dividing the total variability of the scores in an expirement into systematic sources of variability that reflect experimental manipulations and the unsystematic sources of variability that are not influenced by the manipulations

used to describe what is going on within a set of data

NOT making any predictions about the data, simply describing it

an educated guess

reflects the general problem statement or question that is driving the research

Statement that contains two or more things that are equal (unrelated) to each other

H_0:μ₁=μ₂

H₁:X₁=X₂

reflects a dirrerence, direction is not specififed

used with a two-tailed test

H₁: X₁>X₂

reflects a difference where the direction is specified

used with a one-tailed test

The number that a statistical tests generates

if it is more extreme than the critical value, we are able to reject the null hypothesis

number set by level of significance that obtained value is compared to

if it is more extreme than the obtained value, we can accept the null hypothesis

Complicated ANOVA

more than one treatment/factor is examined

multiple independent variables with only one dependent variable

same participant, many different levels of the independent variable

Assumes normally distributed scores, independence, and homogeneity of variance of scores

Correction made when performing pair-wise analysis

Dividing the level of sigificance by the number of groups

indirect

when variables change in the opposite direction

used when the assumptions of parametric statistics cannot be met

or used for nominal or ordinal data

a variable with only two possible outcomes

ie: yes/no, m/f