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| Series of Overlapping Innovations in how and what we think |
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| Processes for building knowledge |
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| Systematic Observation, Analysis, Scientific Method |
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| When one Paradigm makes way for another |
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| Strong links between observations |
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| Separation of natural and supernatural world |
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| place of open debate. Greek |
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| Aristotle's Four Elements |
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| Water, earth, air and fire. Like elements attract each other |
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| Science Before the 20th Century |
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| Practiced by the Elite, authoritative and neutral |
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| Science After the 20th Century |
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| Loss of Respectability. Becomes Profession |
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| Looking at things from different Perspectives. |
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Definition
Tribe - trust what we see
Cave - colors our interpretations
Marketplace - language problems
Theater - Tendency to be dramatic |
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| Descates' Deductive Method |
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| Based on "I think Therefore I Am" |
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| Four Rules of Descartes' Method |
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Definition
1) Trust nothing
2)Break down problems to simplest parts
3)Deducing one conclusion from another
4) leave nothing out |
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| Earth Revolves around the sun. Newton |
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| Everything operates according to mechanical principles |
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| Ideas in science are evaluated by impersonal criteria |
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| Knowledge in science is shared |
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| Mertan: Disinterestedness |
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Definition
| Scientists are not supposed to have a stake in the outcome of the research |
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Definition
| Scientists should doubt everything |
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| Breaking something down into its most simple parts |
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Definition
| Separation of science and religion |
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| Religion and science are at odds |
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| Religion and science are separate entities |
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Definition
| Epistemology (what we know) and Institutions (places that declare truth) |
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| Dialogue-Integration Model |
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Definition
| Science and Religion are different, but they work best together |
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| Some characteristics are better suited for some climates than others. |
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| the idea that the changes don't come gradually, but happen very quickly. |
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| Evolution is the agent of creation |
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| Three points of Evolution |
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Definition
◊ Small variations that are inheritable
◊ Some characteristics more helpful
◊ Over time, different breeds of the same species will evolve into new species |
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Definition
| Descent with modification |
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Definition
Shows lines of Descent in organisms
Bottom - past, top - present |
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| When one line diverges into two species in a phylogenetic tree |
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| A group of species connected by shared lineage |
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| Two different species that develop the same characteristics |
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| Random change in genetic sequence |
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Definition
| Two different populations merge and pass on new genes to their offspring |
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| Changes that are due to chance, but that occur within a population |
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| Some characteristics are more advantageous than others |
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| Adam's sons show what two traits of the "New stone Age?" |
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Definition
| Agriculture and domestication of animals |
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Definition
| Rejects evolution in school, Trial of John Scopes |
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Definition
| All the changes that occur to teeth and bones during fossilization. |
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| Shifts and erosions in the earth. Don’t tend to find fossils where they lived |
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| Higher tends to be younger than lower. Age by depth |
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| Provided Framework to understand finds and Evolution. Language of Missing Links |
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| Discovered Homo Erectus. Search for missing link where there were apes and humans. Dutch box of bones |
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| □ Charles Dawson finds a complete skull that’s a perfect mix of human and ape parts. HOAX |
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| Discovers Australopithecus Africanus, perfect brain, skull picked apart by eagles |
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| Oldowan Tool kit and Acheulean Tool kit |
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| Consist of individuals that can interbreed with one another |
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| A scientist that studies fossils to learn about ancient organisms |
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Definition
| A change in the sequence of Nucleotides in the DNA |
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Definition
| A group of organisms of the same species that are close enough in proximity to allow them to interbreed |
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| The use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process |
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| Rocks formed of particles deposited by water, wind, or ice |
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| The evolutionary process through which new species arise from existing species. |
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| a medical imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional view of some objects by combining a series of two-dimensional X-ray images of "Slices" of that object. |
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Definition
| § Complexity with purpose. Things would not have evolved separately because there wasn't any purpose |
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| Principle characteristic of Intelligent agency |
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Definition
| removing one part causes the system to stop functioning |
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| removing one part will still allow the system to function as before |
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Definition
| evolution that moves forward. Parts that no longer are used fall away |
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| People who lived before the Fall |
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| Jerky sudden origin of a new species and failure to change after. |
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| organisms with traits that defy one classification |
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