Term
| 2 parts of Cerebrum are... |
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Definition
| Cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon |
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Term
| 5 parts of Cerebral cortex are... |
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Definition
| Frontal lobe, Pareital lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, and Limbic lobe |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| 3 categories of thalamic nuclei are... |
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Definition
| relay, association, nonspecific |
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Term
|
Definition
| vocal tremors and bad articulation |
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Term
| 2 Neocortical neuron types are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the big toe reflexivly moves upward when arch is stimulated |
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Term
|
Definition
| involuntary tremors and convulsions |
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Term
| True or false. Basal ganglia effect motor neurons directly. |
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Definition
| False. They do not effect motor neurons directly. |
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Term
| What is a sulcus in the Cerebellum called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a gyrus in the Cerebellum called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary stereotyped response to a sensory input. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inferior and superior colliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows the brain from dorsal to ventral. Cross section between anterior and posterior brain. |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of meninges? |
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Definition
| Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater |
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Term
| 2 parts of the diencephalon are... |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus and thalamus |
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Term
| A vertical cross section is between... |
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Definition
| the right and left parts of brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| is parallel to a sagittal slice |
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Term
| A sagittal slice divides the brain... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a pathway is efferent it... |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonspecific nuclei have... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The functions of the hypothalamus are... |
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Definition
| Hormonal regulation, temperature and cardiovascular regulation, appetite, emotions, circadian rhythm, and sexual behavior |
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Term
| Commissural fibers send signals between... |
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Definition
| homologus areas of the hemispheres |
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Term
| The corpus collosum and anterior commissure are examples of... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| To what tract to the 15% of fibers that do not cross at the medulla belong to? |
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Definition
| Anterior Corticospinal tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower motor neuron's axons end on an effector |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons are any motor neuron that is not directly responsible for stimulating an effector (muscle) |
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Term
| Touch and position pathways cross in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Touch and Position pathways travel ________ through the __________. |
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Definition
| afferently through the dorsal columns |
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Term
| The 1st order neurons of the touch and position pathways are in the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| true or false. touch and position pathways travel contralaterally in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| false they travel ipsilaterally |
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Term
| Voluntary movement pathways cross in... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the damage in Ventral (Weber's) syndrome? |
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Definition
| midbrain, oculomotor, cerebral peduncle |
|
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Term
| what are the symptoms in Ventral (weber's) syndrom? |
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Definition
| Eye deviates laterally, pupil dilated, drooping upper lid, contralateral paralysis of lower face, tongue, arm, leg, etc. |
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Term
| Where is the damage in Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg's) syndrome? |
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Definition
| motor nuclei for vagus, vestibular nuclei for auditory, Trigeminal nerve, spinothalamic tract, inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| What are the symptoms for lateral medullary (wallenberg's) syndrome? |
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Definition
| paralysis of ipsilateral palatal and laryngeal muscles, vertigo, nausea, loss of pain and temp from contralateral body, gait and limb ataxia |
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Term
| Where is the damage in medial medullary syndrome? |
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Definition
| medial leminiscus, pyramid, hypoglossal nerve. |
|
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Term
| what are the symptoms of medial meduallary syndrome? |
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Definition
| loss of touch and position sensation in contralateral body, contralateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral paralysis of tongue muscle with deviation to paralyzed side when protruding. |
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Term
| what are the attributes of flaccid muscle tone? |
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Definition
| decreased strength, decreased muscle tone, severe atrophy, decreased reflexes, fasciculations |
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Term
| what are the attributes of spastic muscle tone? |
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Definition
| Decreased strength, increased muscle tone, increased reflexes, mild atrophy, babinski's sign |
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Term
| 3 parts of the brainstem are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| never leave the cortex and travel through the layers |
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Term
| the three types of cortical connections are... |
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Definition
| intracortical, association, commissural |
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Term
| true or false. cortical connections are in the white matter. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| sheet of neurons and their interconnections. |
|
|
Term
| how many neurons are in the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false. The cerebral cortex has the same structure everywhere. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| true or false. most of the cerebral cortex is neocortex. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| incoordination with limbs. |
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Term
| Limb ataxia effects the body |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| disrupted movement problems with coordination |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of cerebellar disorders? |
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Definition
| Motor related, loss of equilibrium and balance, altered gait, posteral instability ex. Ataxia |
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Term
| What is Cranial Nerve XII? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve XII? |
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Definition
| Motor; tongue, swallowing |
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Term
| what is cranial nerve XI? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what the function of cranial nerve XI? |
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Definition
| Motor; trapezius, lifts shoulders, neck |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve X? |
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Definition
| Sensory and Motor; slows heart, breathing, diaphram |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves are involved in speech? |
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Definition
| V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII (5, 7-12) |
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Term
| What structure connects the brain stem to the cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is cranial nerve IX? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve IX? |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor; tongue, throat, swallowing |
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Term
| What is cranial nerve VII? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve VII? |
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Definition
| sensory and motor; facial muscles |
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Term
| What is cranial nerve II? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve II? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve I? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve V? |
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Definition
| sensory and motor; jaw, palate, middle ear, tensor tympani |
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Term
| What is cranial nerve VI? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve VI? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cranial nerve IV? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve IV? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is cranial nerve III? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cranial nerve III? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean for a structure to be ventral? |
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Definition
| anterior during development; in brain the bottom |
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Term
| What does it mean for a structure to be posterior? |
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Definition
| it is towards the back end; behind |
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Term
| What degenerates in Parkinson's? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Parkinson's? |
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Definition
| Resting tremor, rigidity, difficulty moving, expressionless face. |
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Term
| What is degenerated in Huntington's? |
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Definition
| Striatum and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Huntington's? |
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Definition
| Involuntary choreigorm movement and alterations of mood or cognitive function. |
|
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Term
| what are the symptoms of a basal ganglia disorder? |
|
Definition
| involuntary movement, dystonia(spasims, limbs held awkwardly) |
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Term
| What are two basal ganglia disorders? |
|
Definition
| Huntington's and parkinson's |
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Term
| What is action selection? |
|
Definition
| inhibitory influence on motor system |
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Term
| 3 circuits of the basal ganglia.. |
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Definition
| primary: cortex - basal ganglia - thalamus - cortex. Substantia nigra to straitum, subthalamic nucleus to Globus pallidus |
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Term
| 5 structures of basal ganglia... |
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Definition
| Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus. |
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Term
| The caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus are in the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 parts of cerebral hemispheres... |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if a structure is dorsal? |
|
Definition
| Posterior during development; in brain the top |
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|
Term
| Somato-sensory trigeminothalamic tract crosses in the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Somato-sensory spinaltrigeminal tract crosses in the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain and temperature pathaways are part of the _______________ tract. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pain and temperature pathways travel ____________ in the __________. |
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Definition
| contralaterally in the spinal cord |
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Term
| 1st order neurons of the pain and temperature tract are in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd order interneurons in the pain and temperature tract are in the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 85% of fibers cross in the ______________. And are part of the _________. |
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Definition
| Medulla, lateral corticospinal tract |
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|
Term
| What are symptoms of LMN damage? |
|
Definition
| decreased strength, descreased flaccid muscle tone, severe atrophy, fasciculations |
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|
Term
| What are the steps in a reflex? |
|
Definition
| sensory receptor - sensory neuron - integrating center - motor neurons - effector |
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|
Term
| What is the role of the sensory receptor in reflex? |
|
Definition
| responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potiential. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of a sensory neuron in reflex? |
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Definition
| axon conducts impulses from receptor to intergrating center |
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Term
| What is the role of the integrating center in reflex? |
|
Definition
| 1 or more reigons within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons |
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Term
| What is the role of motor neurons in reflex? |
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Definition
| Axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector. |
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Term
| What is the role of an effector in a reflex? |
|
Definition
| muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses |
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|
Term
| Posterior (dorsal) column and spinothalamic tract are both examples of tracts that are ____________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inputs to the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| visceral nuclei of brain stem, spinal cord, and limbic structures |
|
|
Term
| to what does the hypothalamus output to? |
|
Definition
| pituitary gland, libmic structures, thalamus, visceral nuclei of brainstem |
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|
Term
| What serves as a major efferent pathway from the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| the superior cerebellar peduncle |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of UMN damage? |
|
Definition
| decreased strength, increased spastic muscle tone, mild atrophy, pathological reflexes, babinski's sign |
|
|
Term
| What parts help brainstem conduit function? |
|
Definition
| Corticospinal tract, dorsal column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
| interconnections between the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures travel through the ______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal capsule radiates out into the __________ and funnels into the _____________. |
|
Definition
| corona radiata, cerebral peduncle |
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|
Term
| The lateral corticospinal tract is an example of a tract that moves signals... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which peduncle afferents to cerebellum from spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| inferior cerebral peduncle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vermis, intermediate zone, cerebellar hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| process sensory information and integarates these inputs into fine tune motor activity |
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|
Term
| The cerebellum is anchored to the brainstem by the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voluntary face motor crosses in.. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| pain and temperature pathways cross in.. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which peduncle afferents to cerebellum |
|
Definition
| middle cerebellar peduncle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| complex motor patterns aspects of respitory and cardiovascular activity, consciouness |
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|
Term
| What are the parts of the pyrimidal tract? |
|
Definition
| pyramid, basilar pons, cerebral peduncle |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the pyramidal tract? |
|
Definition
| controls voluntary movement, cortico-spinal and cortico bulbar tract, |
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|
Term
| Cortico-spinal fibers synapse on... |
|
Definition
| motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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|
Term
| cortico-bulbar fibers synapse on... |
|
Definition
| motor neurons in cranial nerve nuclei on brainstem |
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|
Term
| What is the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| poorly differentiated are of the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| Involved in the control of movement, modulates transmission in pain pathways, reflex, arousal, awareness |
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|
Term
| The Spinal cord is ___________ than the vertrebral canal. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Each spinal segment innervates a... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a structure in anterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many coccygeal segments are there in the spinal cord/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number of sacral segments in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number of lumbar segments in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number of thoracic segments in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number of cervical segments in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord has __ segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a structure is superior? |
|
Definition
| higher; towards the top of the head. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a structure is inferior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for a structure to be rostral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for a structure to the caudal? |
|
Definition
| towards the back of the head (ponytail) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures make the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What differentiates the CNS from PNS |
|
Definition
| the CNS is contained within the meningies and stems from the neural tube |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean if a structure is proximal? |
|
Definition
| It is close to where the structure joins the body |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 protective structures of the cns? |
|
Definition
| Bone, meningies, cerebrospinal fluid |
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|
Term
| What does it mean for something to be distal? |
|
Definition
| it is further away from where the structure joins to the body |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean for a structure to be medial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for a structure to the lateral/ |
|
Definition
| it is further from the middle |
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|
Term
| What does it mean for a signal to be afferent? |
|
Definition
| it is carried towards something |
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