Term
| What is the vertebral column also known as? |
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Definition
| spinal column, backbone, spine |
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Term
| What is the number of vertebrae in a new born? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the number of vertebrae in the adult? # true and # false? |
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Definition
| 26 total, 24 true and 2 false |
|
|
Term
| How many IVDs are there in the adult? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the 1st and last IVDs located? |
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Definition
| C2 and C3, and between L5 andsacrum |
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Term
| What percentage does the IVDs contribute to the length of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main pyramids and their extent? |
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Definition
| Long upright L5 to C2, then short inverted sacrum to coccyx |
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Term
| What are the 4 main curves of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of thoracic or sacral curves of the spine (3)? |
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Definition
| Kyphotic curves, develop during fetal life, concave ateriorly, and accomodation curves |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of each of the cervical and lumbar curves of the spine? |
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Definition
| Secondary/lordotic curves, appear after birth, covex anteriorly, and compensation curves |
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Term
| What are the abnormal curves of the spine (3)? |
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Definition
| Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis |
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Term
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? Which one is the most important? |
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Definition
| Protects, supports, flexible axis, posture and locomotion, resiliency; protection |
|
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Term
| What are the different parts of any typical vertebra? |
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Definition
| 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, one spinous process, 2 transverse processes, 4 articular processes |
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Term
| Vertebral body is also called what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Vertebral body is covered on is upper and lower surfaces by what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Vertebral arch is formed of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the pedicle that has a shallow notch? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the notch of the pedicle that is deep? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do laminae meet posteriorly to form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Costal elements of the TPs in the cervical region develop into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do thoracic costal elements develop into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do lumbar costal elements of the TPs develop into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do sacral region of costal elements develop into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The articular processes form what kind of joints posteriorly? |
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Definition
| zygapophyseal joint, Z joint, facet joint |
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Term
| Each motion segment of vertebral colum is formed of what? |
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Definition
| two vertebrae and three joints |
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Term
| What are the atypical vertebrae? |
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Definition
| C1, 2 and 7, T1, 9, 10, 11, 12, L5, sacrum and coccyx |
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Term
| What characteristics do typical cervical vertebral bodies have? |
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Definition
| small rectangular shape, increasing in diameter from C2-C7 |
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Term
| TPs of typical cervical vertebra have what 2 characteristics? |
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Definition
| a transverse formina and an anterior and posterior process |
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Term
| What is special about the transverse process of C6? |
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Definition
| large anterior tubercles that are called CAROTID TUBERCLES, where the carotid arteries pass |
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Term
| What are the two lateral superior lips and one anterior inferior lip called in a typical cervical vertebra? and what joints do they form? |
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Definition
| Uncinate processes that form uncovertebral joints (of Luschka) |
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Term
| What is unique about the spinous processes of the typical cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
| they are short and bifid (has two heads) |
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Term
| The articular processes are oriented mainly at what angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the superior articular facets face in a typical cervical vertebra? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where do the inferior articular facets of a typical cervical vertebra face? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the anterior arch of C1 show? |
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Definition
| anterior tubercle and fovea dentalis |
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Term
| The anterior tubercle of the atlas has has attachments for what? |
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Definition
| Longus colli muscle and ALL(anterior longitudinal ligament) |
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Term
| The fovea dentalis of C1 has an articulation for what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Posterior arch of the atlas has a groove on its superior surface for what? |
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Definition
| vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve |
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Term
| Superior articular facets of the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with what? |
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Definition
| occipital condyles (atlanto-occipital joint) |
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Term
| Inferior articular facets of the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with what? |
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Definition
| superior articular facets of C2 (lateral atlantoaxial joint) |
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Term
| What is the tuberle on the medial surface of the lateral masses of the atlas an attachment for? |
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Definition
| transverse ligament of the atlas |
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Term
| What are the other names of C2 vertebrae? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is another name for the dens of the axis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the dens articulate with? what joint does it make? |
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Definition
| the fovea dentalis; atlanto-odontoid joint or median atlantoaxial joint |
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Term
| What is unique about C7 spinous process? |
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Definition
| longest of the cervicle vertebrae(most prominent), not bifid |
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Term
| What are the three main parts of the occiput? |
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Definition
| squamous, lateral(right and left), basilar |
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Term
| What are the main landmarks on the occiput? |
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Definition
| EOP, superior and inferior nuchal lines, occipital condyles, jugular notch, jugular process, pharyngeal tubercle |
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Term
| What makes the atlanto-occipital joint? |
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Definition
| superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles |
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Term
| What is the center of the external occipital protuberance called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three types of joints based on their functional differences? |
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Definition
| Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis |
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|
Term
| What is a synarthrosis joint? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a slightly movable joint? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a freely movable joint called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three types of joints based on structural differences? |
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Definition
| fibrous joints, cartilagenous joints, synovial joints |
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Term
| What are the three types of fibrous joints? |
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Definition
| sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis |
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Term
| What is an example of a suture? |
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Definition
| joints between flat bones of the skull |
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Term
| What is an example of syndesmosis? |
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Definition
| radius and ulna of forearm (interosseous membrane) |
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Term
| What is an example of a gomphosis fibrous joint? |
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Definition
| roots of teeth held in alveolar process of maxilla and mandible |
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Term
| What are the types of cartilagenous joints? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a synchondrosis cartilaginous joint? |
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Definition
| first rib and manubrium (permanent synchondrosis) |
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Term
| What is an example of a symphysis cartilagenous joint? |
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Definition
| Intervertebral disks (IVDs) and symphysis pubis |
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Term
| What are the different types of synovial joints (6)? |
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Definition
| Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket |
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Term
| What is an example of a plane synovial joint? |
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Definition
| zygapophyseal (z joint, facet joint) and acromioclavicular joint |
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Term
| What is an example of a hinge joint? |
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Definition
| interphalangeal joints, elbow, knee and ankle joints |
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Term
| What is an example of a pivot joint? |
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Definition
| median atlantoaxial (atlanto-odontoid) joint and radio-ulnar joints |
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Term
| What is an example of a condyloid joint? |
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Definition
| atlanto-occipital joint and metacarpophalangeal joint |
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Term
| What is an example of a saddle joint? |
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Definition
| carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and sternoclavicular joint |
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Term
| What is an example of a ball and socket joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type and movement of the atlanto-occipital joint? |
|
Definition
| synovial condyloid with biaxial movement |
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|
Term
| How many atlanto-axial joints are there? |
|
Definition
| 3 (two lateral atlanto-axial joints and one median atlanto-axial joint) |
|
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Term
| What are the two lateral atlanto-axial joints? |
|
Definition
| synovial plane joints; between articular facets of C1 and C2 |
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Term
| What is the one median atlanto-axial joint? |
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Definition
| synovial pivot joint; dens of C2 and fovea dentalis of C2 |
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|
Term
| What is the movement of the median atlanto-axial joint? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the movement of the two lateral atlanto-axial joints? |
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Definition
| sliding movment, mono-axial |
|
|
Term
| What is the membrane that extends between the anterior rim of foramen magnum and the body of C2? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the apical ligament run between? |
|
Definition
| the apex of the dens and the rim of foramen magnum (deep) |
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|
Term
| What is the cruciate ligament of the axial consist of? |
|
Definition
| transverse ligament of the axis, longitudinal band (axis to anterior foramen magnum) |
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|
Term
| What does the alar ligament of the axis connect between? |
|
Definition
| (check ligaments) sides of apex of dens to tubercles on the medial sides of occipital condyles |
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|
Term
| What ligaments are attached to the atlas? |
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Definition
| Transverse ligament of the atlas, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae |
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Term
| Where are the uncovertebral joints of Luschka found? |
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Definition
| between uncinate processes of C3-C7 |
|
|
Term
| What kind of joints are the uncovertebral joints of Luschka? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is a frequent site for spur formation in cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| uncovertebral joints of luschka |
|
|
Term
| Where does the ALL start and end? |
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Definition
| occiput and anterior tuberlce of the atlas to the pelvic surface of the sacrum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the ALL the narrowest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the ALL the widest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What movement does the Anterior longitudinal ligament limit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found in comparison to the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the begining and end of the PLL? |
|
Definition
| posterior aspect of C2 body to the sacrum |
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|
Term
| Which is stronger: the ALL or PLL? |
|
Definition
| anterior longitudinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What ligament attaches to the IVD's posteriorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What movement does the PLL limit? |
|
Definition
| hyperflexion (preventing herniation of the IVD) |
|
|
Term
| What does the ligamentum flavum run between? |
|
Definition
| between lamina of adjacent vertebrae (from C1-C2 to L5-S1) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the posterior boundary of the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What motion does the ligamentum flavum prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ligamentum flavum anterior or posterior to Z joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ligament anterior to spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments posterior to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligaments |
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|
Term
| Where does the ligamentum nuchae run? |
|
Definition
| from EOP to spinous process of C7 |
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|
Term
| What movement does the ligamentum nuchae limit? |
|
Definition
| flexion of cervical spine |
|
|
Term
| Where does the vertebral artery originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the vertebral artery end? |
|
Definition
| inside the foramen magnum and joins the other vertebral artery to form the basilar artery |
|
|
Term
| Where can the vertebral artery be compressed? |
|
Definition
| transverse foramen of C2 to C1, posterior arch of atlas, atlanto-occipital membrane |
|
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Term
| What comes off the fourth part of the vertebral artery? |
|
Definition
| Posterior meningeal artery, anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the basilar artery? |
|
Definition
| anterior inferior cerebellar aa., labyrinthine aa., pontine aa.,superior cerebellar arteries., posterior cerebral aa. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main pairs of arteries supply the brain? |
|
Definition
| internal carotid artery, ? |
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|
Term
| What is the arterial circle of Willis is formed of? |
|
Definition
| 2 posterior cerebral aa., 2 posterior communicating aa., 2 internal carotid aa., 2 anterior cerebral aa., anterior communicating a |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides C7, what could be the vertebral prominance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the vertebral body in thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of facets do typical thoracic vertebrae have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae oriented? |
|
Definition
| obliquely downward and long |
|
|
Term
| What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with? |
|
Definition
| the costal facet on the anterior ascpect of the transverse process |
|
|
Term
| How are the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae oriented? |
|
Definition
| in a coronal plane; superior articular process face posteriorly, inferior articular processes face anteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it can either have one or two pairs of demifacets |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about T10? |
|
Definition
| it has one pair of full costal facets (with 10th rib) |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about T11 and T12? |
|
Definition
| one full pair of costal facets, no transverse costal facet |
|
|
Term
| What is distinctly unique about T12? |
|
Definition
| inferior articular process facess laterally, 3 tubercles homologous to lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments of the costovertebral joints? |
|
Definition
| radiate ligament and intra-articular ligament |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joints? |
|
Definition
| costotransverse ligament, lateral costotransverse ligament, superior costotransverse ligament |
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