Term
| What is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| It is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranial nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum. |
|
|
Term
| What will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate? |
|
Definition
Sternocleidomastoideus M.
Trapezius M. |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the twelfth cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles of the tongue? |
|
Definition
Genioglossus Muscle
Styloglossus Muscle
Hyoglossus Muscle |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral processes from sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa may be conveyed from the twelfth cranial nerve to what nerve? |
|
Definition
| The ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral processes associated with the twelfth cranial nerve may arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location? |
|
Definition
| The dorsal root ganglion of C1 |
|
|
Term
| Identify the ganglia associated with the cranial parasympathetic efferent pathways. |
|
Definition
The ciliary ganglion
The sphenopalatine/pterygopalatine/Meckel's ganglion
The submandibular ganglion
The otic/Arnold's ganglion
The intramural ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the cranial vault via the superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Abducent/Abducens nerve |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the cranial vault via the jugular foramen? |
|
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus Nerve
Spinal Accessory nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the openings by which the facial nerve and its branches exit the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrotympanic fissure
Hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve exits the skull, returns to a cranial fossa, and then exits the skull again? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the spinal nerve pathways, where is the cell body of a primary afferent neuron located? |
|
Definition
| The dorsal nerve root ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral sensory/afferent processes and motor/efferent nerve fibers. |
|
|
Term
| What specific types of nerve fibers may be associated with spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
a) somatic efferent fibers
b) pregangliionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers
c) postganglionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers |
|
|
Term
| Contrast the sensory/afferent ganglion with the motor/efferent ganglion. |
|
Definition
sensory/afferent ganglia contain pseudounipolar,primary sensory neurons, and lack synapses
Motor/efferent ganglia contain multipolar, secondary motor neurons and always demonstrate synapses |
|
|
Term
| What part of the primary afferent neuron will be located in each of the five parts of the peripheral nerve system as stressed in class? |
|
Definition
Peripheral sensory process - mixed spinal nerve, ventral primary ramus/division, dorsal primary ramus/division
Central sensory process - dorsal nerve root. |
|
|
Term
| What skeletal muscles are innervated via the ventral primary rami/divisions? |
|
Definition
| All muscles of the neck, trunk, extremities, abdominal parietal wall, and pelvic parietal wall; with the exception of muscles innervated by cranial nerves IX,, X, XI in the neck and the splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis, suboccipital, interspinalis, and levator cosarum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the enteric nerve system? |
|
Definition
| Control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions and microcirculation as well as regulation of the immune and inflamatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and organ system. |
|
|
Term
| What are locations for neurons of the enteric nerve system as stressed in this class? |
|
Definition
| The myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal of Meissner. |
|
|
Term
| What function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach? |
|
Definition
| Peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract. |
|
|
Term
| What function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner? |
|
Definition
| Influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut. |
|
|
Term
| In the ascending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber? |
|
Definition
| In a paravertebral ganglion higher than the paravertebral ganglion of origin. |
|
|
Term
| In the decending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber? |
|
Definition
| In a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin. |
|
|
Term
| In the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber? |
|
Definition
| In a prevertebral ganglion of prevertebral plexus. |
|
|
Term
| List, in order, the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber of the splanchnic pathway from the ganglion of synapse to the target organ. |
|
Definition
| Prevertebral ganglion of synapse, nerve to the target organ, target organ synapse |
|
|
Term
| Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery? |
|
Definition
| Inferior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the synaptic location of preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers in the pathway to the salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
| The celiac, Superior mesenteric, and Inferior mesenteric prevertebral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart? |
|
Definition
1) Paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5
2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion
3) the cardiac plexus |
|
|
Term
| Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway? |
|
Definition
| Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. |
|
|
Term
| Which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers? |
|
Definition
| Nervi erigentes or Pelvic splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What determines the length of the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the generic contents of the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
Neural tissue
Connective tissue
Vascular tissue
Lymphatic tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine? |
|
Definition
| the vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery? |
|
Definition
the artery of Adamkiewicz or
Arteria radicalis magna anterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the artery of Adamkiewicz? |
|
Definition
It is a left side anterior medullary feeder artery
Located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen
The primary vascular suply of the lumbar enlargement |
|
|
Term
| What will the intervertebral veins drain into? |
|
Definition
The external vertebral venous plexus
or
Batson's plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics? |
|
Definition
| The length of the nerve root increases as it decends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases. |
|
|
Term
| What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
| The sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
| What forms the lumbosacral tunnel? |
|
Definition
the lumbosacral ligament
Transverse process of L5
Sacral ala |
|
|
Term
| What condition is the result of encroachment of the L5 spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body? |
|
Definition
Tuberculosis
Hemangiomas
Osteoperosis |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of aquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class? |
|
Definition
obesity
Pregnancy
Use of backpacks |
|
|
Term
| Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column |
|
Definition
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Intervertebral disc
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Capsular ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Supraspinous ligament
intertransverse ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the organizational patern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus |
|
Definition
| They typically lack a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus non aggregated. |
|
|
Term
| What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unusual about the cervical anulus fibrosus? |
|
Definition
| It lacks any lamellar or layered organization. |
|
|
Term
| What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae? |
|
Definition
| Collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-counterspiral organization is observed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration? |
|
Definition
| Change in the histology of the cartilage end plate |
|
|
Term
| What part of the intervertebral disc will exibit constant remodeling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. |
|
Definition
| The paradiscal ramus communicans |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc? |
|
Definition
fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans,
fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans |
|
|
Term
| What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notocord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc? |
|
Definition
The intrasclerotomal fissure
AKA
The fissure of Von Ebner |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament? |
|
Definition
| It brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament? |
|
Definition
Prominant in the cervicals
Occasional in the thoracics
Rare in the lumbars |
|
|
Term
| Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified? |
|
Definition
| The cervical spine with an 80% Incidence |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament |
|
Definition
| Greater in Japanese Males over 50 |
|
|
Term
| At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition? |
|
Definition
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
DISH |
|
|
Term
| In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology? |
|
Definition
| It is a yellow elastic ligament |
|
|
Term
| If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function? |
|
Definition
| It is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement. |
|
|
Term
| What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament? |
|
Definition
| It is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the sperficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae? |
|
Definition
| The funicular layer or part |
|
|
Term
| What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature? |
|
Definition
Primarily at L4 (73%)
Between L4 and L5 (5%) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
| A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine covers the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Atlanto-Dental interspace
A radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint. |
|
|
Term
| The occiput-C1-C2 joint coplex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ligament fills the costotransverse foramen? |
|
Definition
| The inferior costotransverse ligament |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint? |
|
Definition
| The iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament. |
|
|
Term
| Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions? |
|
Definition
| The inferior iliolumbar ligament |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the age/gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What seperates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
| the sacrospinous ligament |
|
|
Term
| What is the classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size? |
|
Definition
Nasion
Vertex
Inion
Gnathion |
|
|
Term
| What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
Cribriform plate
Anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
Foramen cecum |
|
|
Term
| What bony feature is prominant in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the skull via middle cranial fossa ostia? |
|
Definition
Optic(2)
Oculomotor(3)
Trochlear(4)
Trigeminal(V)
Abducent (VI) |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the foramen spinosum? |
|
Definition
| The nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and middle meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp? |
|
Definition
Skin
Neurovascular
Muscular
Loose Connective Tissue
Periostum |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles lacks any attachment to bone? |
|
Definition
Orbicularis oris
Precerus
Risorius |
|
|
Term
| What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra |
|
Definition
Tarsal gland
AKA
Meibomian gland
AKA
Ciliary gland |
|
|
