can be identified and measured by the effect has on an object     

-A push or a pull

-We don't see  (we infer things behaving in a certain way as the reslut of one or more)

-a phenomena that can produce a change in an object's state of activity

= m(a)

= mass x acceleration

an unbalanced force

(an unbalanced force acting upon an object results in motion)

-is equal to its mass times acceleration and points in the direction of the acceleration

 = mass x accelartion

 describes the relationship of distance and time

-known as the magnitude of velocity

-the distance an object travels in a given unit of time

-distance per time

(speech rate)...time will be in seconds/breathing=1 inhale per seconds (a complete cycle of breathing took two seconds)

 has the same numerical  value as speed, but it also contains information about the direction of movement

-has speed and direction

-if moving, has it

constant velocity

-when the speed of an object is unchanging or when it is constant in a single direction

change in velocity as a function oftime

-requires a force

 (faster jaw movements /p/ in pie or slower jaw movements in /p/ in apple)

Answer: -Forces!

-see effects on object's activity

-has to be an interaction between two objects

-push or pull

(rubber bands or vocal folds...attached cricoid and two arytenoids)

-two objects have to move

-arytenoids are pulling

-transmitted through string, vocal fold-when pulled tight by foces from opposite ends, force puts equally on objects at ends  

the tendency for an object to resist change in its state of motion

(an important concept in the transmission of sound waves)

-keeps doing what its doing

Newton's first Law of Motion

1-called law of inertia

(When you are #1 you want to stay #1)

An object at rest --->tends to stay at rest

 an object in motion---> tends to stay in motion w/same speed and direction

UNLESS

acted upon by an unbalaced force

-an object will accelerate or deccelerate only if acted upon by an outside force

-change in the velocity of an object means that some outside (unbalanced) force acted upon the object

Newton's Second Law

2

(second child syndrome)

When a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the same direction as the force

-The larger the force, the greater the accleration

-The larger the mass, the smaller the acceleration

F=ma

(greater acceleration=greater force or smaller mass)

-a net force causes accelertaion

-all acceleration is cause by force

Newton's Third Law of Motion

3

(two heads)

for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force)

-must have two objects

(not about cause and effect)

Mass x Velocity

-has magnitude and direction

-inertia must be overcome to achieve it

(an increase in either mass or velocity will increase it proportionally) 

-units of measurement are those for M x V...kg-m/s

(must extend greater force to start our vocal folds vibrating than to maintain them in vibration)

a force exerted over a distance

= F (in N)x displacement (in meters)

-measured in joules (J)

Watt=1 joule/sec

-if there is no motion or if the force is perpendicular to the motion=0

the ability to do work (F x d)

-it is not lost, but changed, can change from one form to another

energy of motion

-a force over distance

-the mass and speed of an object govern this

-closely related to momentum

 -electrical

-radiant (light, solar, x-rays)

-sound

energy waiting to be released

-chemical (stored in atomic and molecular bonds)

-mechanical (compressed springs, tightened strings, vocal folds)

-nuclear (in the nucleus of an atom)

the rate at which work is done (the rate at which energy is expended)

-amount of work divided by time taken to do the work

-measured in watts

= (F x d)/ t or F (d/t) or =F x v

the expenditure of 1 joule of energy in 1 second

the amount of energy something could consume

-the way in which the molecules are arranged in a given material

-the way in which the molecules are arranged in a given material

solid, liquid, gas 

liquid crystal

(forces above, below and to the side)

-top layer of molecules has no force from molecules above

-water can go slightly over top of glass

-net force pulling down

=Mass/Volume

how much material is packed into a given space (or volume)

(blood is thicker than water...more dense)

-is measured in units of grams/cubic centemeter or kg/m^3

Steel

(the phenomenon of swaying cables are quite important to speech and voice production)

pressure inside and pressure outside

(air pressure inside and air pressure outside of lungs)

a force divided by the area over which the force is exerted

=F/A

air particles

mm (attached to bones)

vocal folds

ear drums

things that have mass (like air)

...movement made audible (stetson)

...the generration of airflow and the creation of air pressures by the displacement of bodily structures (Behrman)

Auditory (principally)

visual

kinesthetic

proprioceptive

touch-pressure

What is the medium?

material through which a wave passes

(a series of interconnected particles that are capable of interacting with one another)

-air, water, solid objects

-interconnected particles

-not a vacuum-no molecules to push around-in space, no one can hear a tree fall or a scream (light does travel)

a single disturbance composed of vibrations traveling through a medium

-stops

-clicks

the collisions of air molecules result in regions of increased density

-regions of high air pressure

regions of decreased density of air particles, caused by restorative force and momentum

-regions of lower air pressure

the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave

(ex:sound pressure waves)

vibration is perpendicular to the motion of the wave

-instead of compression there are high points (crests) and in place of rarefactions, there are low points (troughs)

-typically occur in more rigid mediums

-gravity helps the particles in a transverse wave return to equilibrium

-transverse waves cannot exist by themselves in a fluid

(also called uniform circular motion...uniform motion is unchanging velocity)

periodic motion around a central equilibrium point

a graphic representation of the the change of some phenomenon (a vibration in this case) as a function of time

-change in pressure as a function of time

rate at which the particles vibrate back and forth each second

- measured in hertz (Hz):cycles per second (one cycle is equal to one complete repetition of a pattern)

-how often the cyle is repeated

the reciprocal of the frequency

-the duration of one cycle

-the time between successive low or high pressure points

 =1/frequency

power per unit area

-watts/m^2

a scale based upon multiples of 10, such as the dB scale

-equal steps along the scale represent equal ratios between raw values

distance traveled by one vibration

-distance traveled in a cycle in m/s

=velocity of sound/frequency

lambda

the speed of sound traveling through the atmosphere is dependent upon...

(2 things)

the speed of the sound divided by the frequency of of the wave

or distance traveled in a cycle in m/s

or velocity of sound divided by frequency

how we interpret the physical (acoustic) signal

the study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and our subjective experience of the stimulus

how we hear frequency

(the perceptual correlate of frequency)

how we hear intensity

(perceptual correlate of intensity)

a psychoacoustic scale for intensity that uses 1000 Hz pure tone asthe reference frequency

 measured ___dB/1000 Hz=

better

lower like sticks moving in the forest