Term
| What does the word species in Latin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin warned that no defintion for species would satisfy everyone, since it would be try to |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Linnaeus orginate? |
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Definition
| morphological species concept |
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Term
| From where problems arise in the question "what is a species?" |
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Definition
- males vs. female
- young vs. adult
- species which change depending on environment in which they are found.
- species that change seasonally.
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Term
| in the 20th century biologists, what is the concept did they use? |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the "Biological species concept", what can be assumed? |
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Definition
| it can be assumed that species are separated by a "reproductive isolating mechanism" |
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Term
| what is the best definition of species? |
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Definition
| a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from all other kinds of organisms. |
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Term
| under reproductive isolating mechanisms, what are two major types? |
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Definition
- Pre zygotic reproductive barriers
- post zygotic reproductive barriers
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Term
| list some reproductive isolating mechanisms: |
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Definition
- habitat preferences
- temporal isolation
- mechanical isolation
- behavioral isolation
- gametic isolation
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Term
| from the lecture, what was said "habitat preferences" |
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Definition
| soil type in species of Galium |
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Term
| what is temporal isolation: |
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Definition
| breeding at different times of day or times of year. |
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Term
| what is mechanical isolation? |
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Definition
| that is differences in sizes and shapes of reproductive organs that make mating between different species impossible |
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Term
| what is behavioral isolation? |
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Definition
species may lack the proper signals (visual, olfactory, auditory, etc) that would encourage mating.
- visual: butterflies
- olfactory: moths
- Auditory: frogs
- visual signal: fireflies
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Term
| what is gametic isolation? |
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Definition
- sperm of a species may not be able to generate the egg of a different species
- no fertilization
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Term
| list the three post zygotic barriers: |
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Definition
- low hybrid zygote viability
- low hybrid adult viability
- hybrid infertility:
- horses plus donkeys = mules (infertile)
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Term
| the resultant strengthening of pre zygotic barriers is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the other definition for a species is based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| a species is viewed as a: ____ ? |
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Definition
| distinct cluster of genes |
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Term
| Many organisms, however, which are generally agreed upon as distinct species are known to do what? |
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Definition
| interbreed and produce hybrids |
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Term
| which dog family is true the interbreed and produce hybrids? |
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Definition
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Term
The dog is now known as what?
(hint: it's a scientific name) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the name Canis lupus familiaris mean then? |
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Definition
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Term
| Although horses and zebras can interbreed, though they would not do so in the wild due to what differences? |
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Definition
| behavioral and habitat differences. |
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Term
| List: The Allopatric Model of Speciation of Ernst Mayr |
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Definition
- a species is divided into two populations that are geographically isolated from each other (an allopatric distribution)
- there is no gene flow between the two populations
- each population, though derived from the same gene pool, is genetically distinct due to finite (often small) population sizes resulting in "sampling error"
- each population finds itself in a unique environment in which natural selection follows a slightly different course
- therefore, each population diverges genetically from the orginal gene pool.
- the two populations are isolated for a long period of time.
- eventually, enough genetic changes accumulate such that, if the two populations are brought back into contact with one another, they are no longer able to interbreed and produce viable offspring
- at this point, they are recognized as two different "biological species"
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Term
| when and how can the word "subspecies" be applied? |
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Definition
| when speciation is ongoing particularly if the geographical isolation is not complete, the populations may become classified by biologists as "subspecies" |
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Term
| what is an example of sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
| maggot flies (Rhagoletis pononella) in North America. |
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Term
| how do insects that are like flies select their food? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polyploidy can arise either through chromosomes duplication of entire sets of chromosomes in a single species OR it can come from the combining of chromosomes of two different species |
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Term
| how are tetraploid and diploid individuals of the same species reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is special about tetraploids and give an example of species that illustrate that: |
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Definition
| tetraploids are able to self fertilize, which happens in many plants |
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Term
| what is the estimated numbers that botanists came up for flowering plants and fern for polyploidy? |
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Definition
70% flowering plants
95% fern species |
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Term
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Definition
- a genetically differentiated population within a species, the differences having ecological significance
- a genetically distinct population of the same species
- a genotypic response, through natural selection, to the environment.
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Term
| what are two types of ecotypes? (i guess that's why they are) |
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Definition
| Adaptaion and Acclimation |
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Term
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Definition
A) A genetically determined characteristic that enhances the ability of an individual to cope with its environment
B)An evolutionary process by which organisms become better suited to their enivronments. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenotypic response to the environment often a reversible charge in the morphology or physiology of an organism in response to an environmental charge |
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Term
| What is phenotypic plasticity? |
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Definition
| a single genotype can produce different phenotypes in different environments |
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Term
| the phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity is well known for which species? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the implications of phenotypic plasticity? |
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Definition
- differences among populations may not indicate adaptation (that is genetically based differences)
- selection may not lead to evolutionary change if the variation within the populations is not genetically based
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Term
| please mention some important things about phenotypic plasticity |
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Definition
- plasticity itself is a genetically based trait that is subject to selection and can evolve.
- species that can occur in highly variable environments may evolve a great capacity for plasticity
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Term
| what is convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| Under similar environmental conditions, species starting with different phylogenetic backgrounds can evolve similar adaptations |
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Term
| What is Evolutionary Radiations? |
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Definition
| Rapid proliferation of species into a variety of environments or niches |
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Term
| again, what is convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| Independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures cause species that are not related to have similar traits |
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Term
| In convergent evolution what can organisms can be? |
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Definition
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