Term
| The __________ __________ __________ controls the body's internal environment in a coordinated manner. |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| What are five bodily functions the ANS helps to control? |
|
Definition
1) Heart rate
2) Blood pressure
3) Digestion
4) Respiration
5) Blood pH |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a dynamic balance between the autonomic branches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ actively dominates rest-and-digest while the __________ actively dominates fight-or-flight. |
|
Definition
1) Parasympathetic
2) Sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Which division of the ANS is responsible rest-and-digest behaviors? For fight-or-flight? |
|
Definition
1) Parasympathetic
2) Sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Which division of the ANS is also known as the vegetative system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nine common fight-or-flight responses? |
|
Definition
1) Increased heart rate and contractility
2) Dilation of bronchioles for easier breathing
3) Constriction of arterioles in the skin, digestive system, and non-exercising muscles
4) Inhibition of digestive functions
5) Widening of pupils
6) Increased glucose in blood due to glycogenolysis in the liver
7) Increased fatty acid in the blood from adipose tissue
8) Piloerection
9) Cold sweat (stimulated sweating with constricted skin arterioles) |
|
|
Term
| __________ nerves come from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do sympathetic nerves come from? |
|
Definition
| 1) Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| The __________ nerves are short and synapse in paired ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic nerves synapse? |
|
Definition
| 1) In paired ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The adrenal medulla is technically an exocrine gland. |
|
Definition
| 1) False: The adrenal medulla is technically an ENDOCRINE gland |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is like a modified autonomic ganglion and postsynaptic nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla, technically an __________ __________, is functionally a part of the __________ nervous system. |
|
Definition
1) Endocrine gland
2) Sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| The __________ nerves come from the cranial and sacral regions of the CNS; they have long preganglionic nerves which synapse at ganglia near or on the organ innervated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the parasympathetic nerves come from? |
|
Definition
| 1) The cranial and sacral regions of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| __________ fibers of the SNS emerge from the spinal cord at levels __________-__________. |
|
Definition
1) Preganglopnic
2) T1 - L2 |
|
|
Term
| The __________ and __________ work together in reciprocal fashion to regulate body function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic fibers of the PNS are associated with what cranial nerves? Where do they emerge from? |
|
Definition
1) Nerves III, VII, IX, and X
2) The sacral spinal cord at S2-S4 |
|
|
Term
| The parasympathetic system is involved in __________ processes such as digestion and homeostasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The adrenal medulla is a modified part of the SNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the adrenal medulla, there are modified sympathetic ganglion which do not give rise to __________ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stimulation of what prompts the secretion of hormones into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 20% of the hormone released into the blood is __________ and about 80% is __________. |
|
Definition
1) Norepinephrine
2) Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of norepinephrine is released into the blood? Epinephrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the nine targets of the ANS? |
|
Definition
1) The heart (cardiac muscle)
2) Nearly all blood vessels (smooth muscle)
3) Nearly all organs (smooth muscle)
4) The lungs
5) Exocrine glands (sweat, salivary, digestive)
6) Some endocrine glands
7) Metabolic tissue (adipose tissue, liver)
8) Kidneys
9) Lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is the heart composed of? The blood vessels? Nearly all organs? |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac
2) Smooth
3) Smooth |
|
|
Term
| The two branches of the ANS use the same neurotransmitter, __________ in the ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter does the PNS primarily use? The SNS? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholine
2) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Norepinephrine is not the same thing as noradrenaline. |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Norepinephrine IS the same thing as noradrenaline |
|
|
Term
| There are a few __________ nerves where the transmitter at the organ is for accetylcholine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
1) Sweat glands
2) Piloerector muscles
3) Some blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are ten functions of sympathetic stimulation? |
|
Definition
1) Pupil dilation
2) Stimulate sweat glands
3) Constrict peripheral vessels
4) Increase blood to skeletal muscles
5) Increase chronotropic and inotropic effects
6) Bronchodilation
7) Reduce blood flow to abdomen
8) Decrease digestive activity
9) Relax smooth muscle in wall of bladder
10) Release glucose stores from the liver |
|
|
Term
| What are five functions of the PNS? |
|
Definition
1) Pupillary constriction
2) Secretion by digestive glands
3) Increased smooth muscle activity along the GI tract
4) Bronchoconstriction
5) Reduced heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Most __________ and __________ receive only sympathetic nerve fibers (arteries and capillaries are not innervated) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most __________ __________ are innervated only by sympathetic nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sweat glands are innervated by only what type of nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are innervated by both ANS divisions but activity is not antagonistic - both stimulate salivary secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary glands are innervated by what divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ extends from the CNS to an innervated organ. |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic nerve pathway |
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ __________ is a cell body in the CNS that synapses with the cell body of a second neuron. |
|
Definition
| 1) Preganglionic fiber neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is a preganglionic fiber neuron? |
|
Definition
| 1) A cell body in the CNS that synapses with a cell body of a second neuron |
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ innervates an effector organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic neurons (N1) from __________ region of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region of the spinal cord can preganglionic neurons be found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long postganlionic neurons (N2) secrete nonepinephrine onto __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons secrete NE onto adrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Long postganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers originate in the SNS? |
|
Definition
| 1) In the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers originate in the PNS? |
|
Definition
| 1) In cranial and sacral areas of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Most preganglionic fibers of the SNS are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic fibers of the PNS are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganlionic fibers of the SNS release what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic fibers of the PNS release whay neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most postganglionic fibers in the SNS release what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| 1) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| Postganglionic fibers in the PNS release what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the origin of postaganglionic fibers in the SNS? |
|
Definition
| 1) The sympathetic ganglion chain or collateral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Where is the origin of postganglionic fibers in the PNS? |
|
Definition
| 1) The terminal ganglia (in or near effector organs) |
|
|
Term
| What effector organs are innervated by the SNS? |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac muscle
2) Almost all smooth muscle
3) Most exocrine glands
4) Some endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| What effector organs are innervated by the PNS? |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac muscle
2) Most smooth muscle
3) Most exocrine glands
4) Some endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are used for neurotransmitters in the SNS for preganglionic neurons? For postganglionic neurons? |
|
Definition
1) Nicotinic
2) a1, a2, B1, B2 |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are used for neurotransmitters in the PNS for preganglionic neurons? For postganglionic neurons? |
|
Definition
1) Nicotinic
2) Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| What the four neurotransmitters of the ANS? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine
4) Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a simple molecule synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme greatly assists in the creation of acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
| 1) Choline acetyltransferase |
|
|
Term
| What are the three catecholamines? What are they formed from? |
|
Definition
1) Norepinephrine
2) Epinephrine
3) Dopamine
4) Pheylalanine and tryosine |
|
|
Term
| Tryosine is produced in the __________ from phenylalanine through the action of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Liver
2) Phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is vital in the creation of tryosine? |
|
Definition
| 1) Phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| In latin, __________ means above and __________ means kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common autonomic neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Acetylcholine
2) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine neurons and receptors are called __________ (__________ or __________). |
|
Definition
1) Cholinergic
2) Nicotinic
3) Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurons and receptors called for acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
1) Cholinergic
2) Nicotinic
3) Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| Where are acetylcholine receptors located? |
|
Definition
| 1) Autonomic preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic synapses |
|
|
Term
| What are the NE neurons and receptors called? |
|
Definition
| 1) Adrenergic (alpha and beta) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the NE neurons and receptors located? |
|
Definition
| 1) At the sympathetic postganglionic synapses |
|
|
Term
Acetyl-coenzyme A is synthesized from __________ by mitochondria within __________ nerves.
This acetyl-CoA combines with choline that is transported into the nerve axon to form __________.
The enzyme responsible for this is __________ __________.
The newly formed acetylcholine is then transported into __________ for storage and subsequent release
After acetylcholine is released, it is rapidly degraded with __________ to form acetate and choline. |
|
Definition
1) Pyruvate
2) Cholinergic
3) Acetylcholine
4) Choline acetyltransferae
5) Vesicles
6) Acetylcholineesterase |
|
|
Term
The amino acid __________ is transported into the sympathetic nerve axon.
Tryosine is converted to __________ by tryosine hydroxylase (__________-__________ step for NE synthesis).
DOPA is converted to dopamine by __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Tryosine
2) DOPA
3) Rate-limiting
4) DOPA decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for combining acetyl-CoA with choline? |
|
Definition
| 1) Choline acetyltransferase |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for converting tryosine into DOPA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for converting DOPA to dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine is transported into vesicles then converted to NE by __________ __________-__________ ; transport vesicles can be blocked by the drug __________. |
|
Definition
1) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
2) Reserpine |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for converting norepinephrine to NE? What may block transport into the vesicle? |
|
Definition
1) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
2) The drug reserpine |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps for the release of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
1) An action potential traveling down the axon depolarized the membrane and causes Ca2+ to enter the axon
2) Ca2+ causes the vesicle to migrate to the axonal membrane and fuse with the membrane, permitting the NE to diffuse out of the vesicle into the extracellular space
3) DBH, and depending on the nerve other secondary neurotransmitters is released along with the NE; NE then binds to the postjunctional receptor and stimulates the effector organ response |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors bind to acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors bind to acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors can be found on a postaganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can nicotinic receptors be found? |
|
Definition
| 1) On postganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors can be found on effector cell membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can muscarinic receptors be found? |
|
Definition
| 1) On effector cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors bind to NE and epinephrine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do adrenergic receptors bind? |
|
Definition
| 1) To norepinephrine and epinephrine |
|
|
Term
The binding of the NE to its receptor depends on the __________ of NE in the vicinity of the receptor.
If the nerve stops releasing NE, then the NE concentration in the junctional cleft will decrease and NE will leave the receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most (__________) of the NE is transported back into the nerve terminal by a neuronal __________ __________ __________. This transporter can be blocked by __________; therefore, __________ increases junctional NE concentrations by blocking its reuptake and subsequent metabolism |
|
Definition
1) 90%
2) Reputake transport system
3) Cocaine
4) Cocaine |
|
|
Term
| Some of the junctional NE diffuses into capillaries and is carried out of the tissue by the circulation. Therefore, the high levels of __________ activation in the body increase the __________ concentration of NE and its metabolites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of the junctional NE is metabolized within the __________ __________ before reaching the capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small amount of NE (__________) is taken up by the __________ __________ and metabolized. |
|
Definition
1) 5%
2) Postjunctional tissue |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with high levels of sympathetic activation? |
|
Definition
| 1) The increase of plasma concentration of NE and its metabolites |
|
|
Term
| Where is some of the junctional NE metabolized before reaching the capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of extraneuronal uptake? |
|
Definition
| 1) When a small amount of NE (5%) is taken up by the postjunctional tissue and metabolized |
|
|
Term
| From the medulla, the __________ (Vagus) ganglia releases __________ to the heart and vessels. |
|
Definition
1) Parasympathetic
2) Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| All __________ __________ release acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
| 1) Presympathetic ganglia |
|
|
Term
| From the spinal cord, the post sympathetic adrenergic releases __________ to the heart and vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the spinal cord, the post sympathetic cholinergic releases __________ to the sweat glands and vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the spinal cord the post sympathetic dopaminergic releases __________ to the renal vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the spinal cord the adrenals release __________ and __________ into the blood; this goes to the heart and blood vessels. |
|
Definition
1) Epinephrine
2) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Axons of __________ fibers branch extensively to innervate many cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are released from multiple __________ with each action potential; synthesis of a __________ is in the varicosity. |
|
Definition
1) Varicosities
2) Neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is when synapses occur where varicosities pass closely over the surface of the muscle cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is synapse en passant? |
|
Definition
| 1) When synapses occur where varicosities pass closely over the surface of muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps for norepinephrine release at a varicosity of a sympathetic neuron? |
|
Definition
1) Action potential arrives at the varicosity
2) Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3) Ca2+ entry triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
4) NE binds to adreneric receptor on target
5) Receptor activation ceases when NE diffuses away from the synapse
6) NE is removed from the synapse
7) NE can be taken back into synaptic vesicles for re-release
8) NE is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
|
|
Term
| The heart is regulated by the __________ adrenergic receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adipose tissue is regulated by the __________ adrenergic receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular smooth muscle is regulated by the __________ adrenergic receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Airway smooth muscle is regulated by the __________ adrenergic receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney-renin release from JG cells is regulated by the __________ adrenergic receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
1) Nicotinic
2) Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| Nicotine is an __________ in the autonomic ganglia and SNS. It directly opens __________ and __________ channels. The antagonist for nicotine is __________. |
|
Definition
1) Agonist
2) Na+
3) K+
4) Curare |
|
|
Term
| What does nicotine do in the autonomic ganglia of the SNS? What is it's antagonist? |
|
Definition
1) Opens Na+ and K+ channels
2) Curare |
|
|
Term
| Muscarine is an __________ found in the neuro-effector junctions of the PNS. It utilizes __________-__________ __________ mechanisms and it's antagonist is __________. |
|
Definition
1) Agonist
2) G-protein coupled mechanisms
3) Atropine |
|
|
Term
| Where can muscarine be found? What is it's antagonist? |
|
Definition
1) Neuro-effecor junctions of the parasympathetic branch
2) Atropine |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscarinic receptors in the PNS? In the SNS? |
|
Definition
PNS:
1) Cardiac conduction system
2) Exocrine glands
3) Smooth muscles
SNS:
1) Sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic acetylcholine are __________-__________ mediated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adrenergic receptors are found in the neuroeffector junctions of the sympathetic branch and are __________-__________ linked with various __________ __________.
The neurotransmitter here is __________ and the receptors can be subdivided into __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) G-protein
2) 2nd messengers
3) Norepinephrine
4) Alpha and beta |
|
|
Term
| What is the neurotransmitter for alpha sympathetic receptors? What occurs when Ca2+ is increased? |
|
Definition
1) Nonepinephrine
2) Muscle contraction or secretion by exocytosis followed by inhibition of the GI tract and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter is more important in beta 1 receptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Norepinephrine = Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
The beta 2 sympathetic receptor is usually __________ causing smooth muscle relaxation of some blood vessels and the bronchioles.
What neurotransmitter is more important in the beta 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
1) Inhibitory
2) Epinephrine > Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| The beta 2 sympathetic receptors target __________ tissue and the neurotransmitter __________ is preferred over __________. |
|
Definition
1) Adipose
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of beta 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Are inhibitory and cause the smooth muscle relaxation of blood vessels and the bronchioles. |
|
|
Term
The binding of norepinephrine to it's receptor causes the dissociation of __________-__________.
Binding of the alpha G-protein to the enzyme __________ __________ activates this enzyme, leading to the production of __________ __________.
In turn, cyclic AMP activates __________ __________ which can open ion channels and produce other effects. |
|
Definition
1) G-protein
2) Adenylate cyclase
3) Cyclic AMP
4) Ion channels |
|
|
Term
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are metabolized by __________-__________-__________ and monoamine oxidase (MAO).
The final product of these pathways is __________ __________; this final product with its precursors __________ and __________ is measured in urine and plasma in the diagnosis of __________ which can cause severe hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. |
|
Definition
1) Catechol-O-methytransferase (COMT)
2) Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
3) Normetanephrine
4) Metanephrine
5) Pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| What is pheochromocytoma? What are the methods for detecting this disorder? |
|
Definition
1) A disorder that can causes severe hypertension and cardiac arrhthmias
2) It can be detected through the combined measurements of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), normetanephrine, and metanephrine |
|
|
Term
| __________ of the ANS are those that bind to the same receptor as the neurotransmitter and elicit an effect that mimics that of the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ of the ANS are those that bind with the receptor and block the neurotransmitter's response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ bind to receptors and simulate or enhance a neurotransmitter's actions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Agents of the ANS that bind to receptors and stimulate or enhance a neurotransmitter's actions |
|
|
Term
| __________ have the opposite effect of agonists by blocking the receptor and inactivating it; this nullifies or diminishes the effect of the neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Agents of the ANS that have the opposite effects of agonists by blocking the receptors and inactivating them; this will nullify or diminish a neurotransmitter's effects |
|
|
Term
| __________ drugs mimic the effects of neurotransmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system such as catecholamines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sympathomimetic drugs? |
|
Definition
| 1) Drugs which mimic the effects of neurotransmitter substances of the SNS such as catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| __________ drugs act by stimulating or mimicking the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are parasympathomimetic drugs? |
|
Definition
| 1) Drugs which act by stimulating or mimicking the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| __________ drugs are medications which inhibit the postganglionic functioning of the SNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sympathicolytic drugs and what are their uses? |
|
Definition
1) Sympathicolytic drugs are medications which inhibit the postganglionic functioning of the SNS.
2) They have been used as antihypertensives and to treat anxiety. |
|
|
Term
| __________ drugs are substances that reduce the activity of the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are parasympathicolytic drugs? |
|
Definition
| 1) Substances which reduce the activity of the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| The CNS and control of the ANS can be influenced by __________ __________ __________ through its involvement with emotional expression which is characteristic of an individual's personality. |
|
Definition
| 1) Prefrontal association complex |
|
|
Term
| The __________ plays an important role in integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses that automatically accompany various emotional and behavioral states. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plays an important role in integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses that automatically accompany various emotional and behavioral states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ within the brain stem is a region directly responsible for autonomic output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region of the brain stem is directly responsible for autonomic output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are a few examples of autonomic reflexes that are integrated at the spinal cord level? |
|
Definition
1) Urination
2) Defecation
3) Erection |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is responsible for controlling water balance, temperature, and hunger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three autonomic bodily functions of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1) Control of water balance
2) Temperature
3) Hunger |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is responsible for respiration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What autonomic bodily function is the pons responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is responsible for respiration, cardiac, vomiting, and swallowing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four autonomic bodily functions is the medulla responsible for? |
|
Definition
1) Respiration
2) Cardiac contractions
3) Vomiting
4) Swallowing |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is involved in the coordination of ANS responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, particularly the suproptic area, triggers a __________ response.
Conversely, activation of the posterior hypothalamus, particularly the tuberal area, triggers a __________ response. |
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Definition
1) Thermolytic
2) Thermogenic |
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Term
| How can a thermolytic response be generated? A thermogenic? |
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Definition
1) By stimulating the supraoptic area
2) By stimulating the tuberal area |
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Term
| The extreme lateral part of the __________ __________ regulates food intake. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the ventromedial nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three areas that have been proposed as vital in the participation of thirst? |
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Definition
1) The lateral hypothalamic area
2) The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
3) The periaqueductal gray |
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Term
| __________ proposed that a circulatory consortium of neural components and their connections participate in concert harmoniously to elaborate emotional awareness. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ helps control emotional behavior, in part by influence of the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the limbic system? |
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Definition
Processes emotions, including:
1) Anger
2) Fear
3) Sexual arousal
4) Pleasure
5) Sadness |
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Term
| What are Cannon's properties of homeostasis? |
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Definition
1) Maintenance of the internal environment
2) Tonic control
3) Antagonistic control
4) Variable tissue responses |
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Term
Most sympathetic pathways originate in the __________ and __________ regions of the spinal cord.
Most sympathetic ganglia lie either close to the __________ __________ or along the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Thoracic
2) Lumbar
3) Sympathetic ganglia
4) Descending aorta |
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Term
Parasympathetic pathways originate in the __________ __________ or the __________ __________ of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic ganglia are located on or near their __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Brain stem
2) Sacral region
3) Target organs |
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Term
| The synapse between an autonomic neuron and its target cells is called the __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Neuroeffector junction |
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Term
| Postganglionic autonomic axons end with __________ from which neurotransmitter is released. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ secretes epinephrine and is controlled by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ receptors are also G protein-coupled receptors. |
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Definition
| 1) Cholinergic muscarinic |
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