Term
| What is the pathway for a simple neural reflex? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory input
2) Integration
3) Output
4) Response |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway for a physiological or behavioral response? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory system (reflex)
2) Behavioral state system OR cognitive system (voluntary)
3) CNS
4) Motor system
5) Physiological response or behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are the six exteroceptive senses? |
|
Definition
1) Sight
2) Taste
3) Smell
4) Touch
5) Hearing
6) Balance |
|
|
Term
| What are the introceptive senses? |
|
Definition
1) Pain
2) Movement of internal organs |
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Term
| __________ is the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) The sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body |
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|
Term
The brain communicates with the body through twelve pairs of __________ nerves and the spinal cord.
__________ of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that control hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, taste, swallowing, and movement of the face, neck, should, and tongue muscles originate in the __________.
The cranial nerves for smell and vision originate in the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Cranial
2) Ten
3) Brainstem
4) Cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the first cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the second cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the third cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Oculomotor
2) Eye movement; pupil |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fourth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Trochlear
2) Eye movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fifth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Trigeminal
2) Face sensation |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the sixth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Abducens
2) Eye movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the seventh cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Facial
2) Moves face; salivate |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the eighth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Vestibulocochlear
2) Hearing; balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the ninth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Glossopharyngeal
2) Taste; swallow |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tenth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Vagus
2) Heart rate; TGI; motility |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the eleventh cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Accessory
2) Head movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the twelveth cranial nerve? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
1) Hypoglossal
2) Tongue movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of sensory systems? |
|
Definition
1) Conscious
2) Subconscious |
|
|
Term
| The special senses belongs to what sensory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The somatic senses belongs to what sensory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The visceral stimuli belong to what sensory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The somatic stimuli belong to what sensory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the special senses consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Vision
2) Hearing
3) Taste
4) Smell
5) Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What do the somatic senses consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Touch / pressure
2) Temperature
3) Pain
4) Proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What do the visceral stimuli consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Blood pressure
2) pH / oxygen content in blood
3) pH of cerebrospinal fluid
4) Lung inflation
5) Osmolarity of body fluids
6) Blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What do the somatic stimuli consist of? |
|
Definition
| 1) Muscle length and tension |
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|
Term
| All sensory pathways begin with a __________, which act on __________ __________, which convert the stimulus in __________ __________, which are transmitted by sensory neurons to the __________, where they are integrated. |
|
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Sensory receptors
3) Neural signals
4) Brain |
|
|
Term
| What are the five sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Mechanoreceptors
3) Photoreceptors
4) Thermoreceptors
5) Nocireceptors |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors detect? |
|
Definition
1) pH
2) O2
3) organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| What do mechanoreceptors detect? |
|
Definition
1) Vibration
2) Acceleration
3) Sound |
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors detect __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreceptors detect __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nocireceptors detect __________ __________ (pain). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The specificity of a receptor for a particular type of stimulus is called the law of specific nerve energies (__________ __________). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ occur mainly in glabrous or non-hairy skin and are sensitive to touch; they are the peripheral endings of sensory neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Meissner corpuscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) The peripheral endings of sensory neurons, they occur mainly in glabrous or non-hairy skin. |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are pressure receptors that respond very well to things like vibration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Pacinian corpuscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Pressure receptors which respond very well to stimuli such as vibrations |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are fusiform in shape and located in the fleshy part of a skeletal muscle in parallel with the extrafusal muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ are located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle and provide the sensory component of the tendon reflex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What somatosensory receptors are sensitive to touch and are found in glabrous or non-hairy skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What somatosensory receptors respond very well to vibration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What somatosensory receptors are sensitive to the lengthening or stretch of the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What somatosensory receptors provide the sensory component of the tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is another term that is often used interchangeable with proprioception, though use of the term "kinesthesia" can place a greater emphasis on motion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors may adapt __________ or __________ to sustained stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors do not adapt at all or adapt very slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors are rapidly adapting receptors which cease responding to maintained stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptors rapidly adapt and cease responding to maintained stimuli after a while? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receptor is important to signal a change in stimulus intensity rather than relay status quo information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in transduction? |
|
Definition
1) In sensory receptors that are separate cells, stimulus opens stimulus-sensitive channels, permitting the net Na+ entry that produces a receptor potential
2) This local depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3) Ca2+ entry triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter
4) Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated receptor-channels at afferent ending, permitting net Na+ entry
5) Resultant depolarization opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in adjacent region
6) Na+ entry initiates action potential in afferent fiber that sell-propagates to CNS |
|
|
Term
| What four stimulus properties must the brain discern between for an accurate neural representation of sensory stimuli? |
|
Definition
1) Stimulus modality
2) Stimulus location
3) Stimulus intensity
4) Stimulus duration |
|
|
Term
| Each sensory receptor is most sensitive to stimulation of a specific area, which defines the receptor's __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The direct association between a receptor and a sensation is called the __________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the labeled line coding? |
|
Definition
| 1) The direct association between a receptor and a sensation |
|
|
Term
__________ and __________ information is the exception to the topographical localization rule.
Foe these sensory modalities, the brain uses the __________ __________ in receptor activation to compute the source location of sounds or odors. |
|
Definition
1) Auditory
2) Olfactory
3) Timing difference |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ enhances contrast and makes a stimulus easier to perceive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway from a stimulus to the enhanced perception of a stimulus? |
|
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength
3) Pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighbors
4) Inhibition of lateral neurons enhances perception of stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is stimulus intensity coded by? |
|
Definition
1) The number of receptors activated
2) The frequency of action potentials |
|
|
Term
| What does population coding mediate? |
|
Definition
| 1) The number of receptors activated |
|
|
Term
| What does frequency coding mediate? |
|
Definition
| 1) The frequency of action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus duration can be coded by the __________ __________ duration, but not many sensory receptors can sustain their responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neural code best reflects the change in __________, not the steady state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ refers to discriminative ability.
Is influenced by receptive field size and lateral inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Refers to discriminative ability |
|
|
Term
| What is acuity influenced by? |
|
Definition
1) Receptive field size
2) Lateral inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter for alpha motor fibers? The conduction velocity? What muscle fibers are they associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) 80-120 m/s
3) Extrafusal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of gamma motor fibers? The conduction velocity? What muscle fibers are they associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 5-8 micrometers
2) 4-24 m/s
3) Intrafusal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of type 1a sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 80-120 m/s
4) Primary receptors of the muscle spindle |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of type 1b sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 80-120 m/s
4) Golgi tendon organ |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of type II sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 6-12 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 33-75 m/s
4) Secondary receptors of muscle spindles; all cutaneous mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of type III sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 1-5 micrometers
2) Thin
3) 3-30 m/s
4) Free nerve endings of touch and pressure; nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract; cold thermoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of type IV sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with? |
|
Definition
1) 0.2-1.5 micrometers
2) No
3) 0.5-2.0 m/s
4) Nociceptors of paleospinothalmic tract; warmth receptors |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation. |
|
Definition
| 1) Somatosensory pathways |
|
|
Term
| Somatosensory pathwats consist of chains of neurons, or __________ __________, which are synaptically interconnected in particular sequence to accomplish the processing of sensory information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________-__________ __________ __________ is an afferent neuron with its peripheral receptor that first detects the stimulus and synapses with the second-order neuron. |
|
Definition
| 1) First-order sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| A __________-__________ __________ __________ can be found in either the spinal cord or medulla and synapses with the third-order neuron. |
|
Definition
| 1) Second-order sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| The __________-__________ __________ __________ is located in the thalamus. |
|
Definition
| 1) Third-order sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| Which order of sensory neuron first detects the stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which order of sensory neuron can be found in either the spinal cord or medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which order of sensory neuron is located in the thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the conscious interpretation of the external world derived from sensory input. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) The conscious interpretation of the external world derived from sensory input |
|
|
Term
| __________ is derived from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does sensory input not give a true reality of perception? |
|
Definition
1) Humans have receptors that detect only a limited number of existing energy forms
2) Information channels in our brains are not high-fidelity recorders
3) Cerebral cortex further manipulates the data |
|
|
Term
| __________ is primarily a protective mechanism meant to bring a conscious awareness that tissue damage is occurring or is about to occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) A protective mechanism meant to bring a conscious awareness that tissue damage is occurring or is about to occur |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Storage of painful experiences in our memory helps us avoid potentially harmful events in the future. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of __________ elicits perception of pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensation of pain accompanied by? |
|
Definition
1) Motivated behavioral responses
2) Emotional reactions |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ can be influenced by other past or present experiences. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of __________ (lower nociceptors threshold for activation) greatly enhances receptor response to noxious stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
| 1) Lower nociceptors threshold for activation |
|
|
Term
| __________ do not adapt to sustained or repetitive stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three categories of nociceptors? |
|
Definition
1) Mechanical
2) Thermal
3) Polymodal |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching. |
|
Definition
| 1) Mechanical nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of mechanical nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ respond to temperature extremes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of thermal nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Respond to temperature extremes |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli and release chemicals from injured tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of polymodal nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| 1) Respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What type of pain occurs on stimulation of mechanical and thermal nociceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain is carried by small, myelinated A-delta fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain produces a sharp, prickling sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain is easily localized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain occurs first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain occurs in stimulation of polymodal nociceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain is carried by small, unmyelinated C fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain produces dull, aching, burning sensations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain is poorly localized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain occurs second and persists for a longer time, and is more unpleasant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two best known pain neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Substance P
2) Glutamate |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a neurotransmitter that activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels for further processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher level for further processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA is a neurotransmitter which bonds __________ and __________ resulting in the generation of action potentials which transmit pain message to higher centers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major excitatory neurotransmitter binds AMPA and NMDA resulting in the generation of action potentials, which transmit pain messages to higher centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain has a built in __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ suppresses transmission in pain pathways as they enter the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the analgesic system? |
|
Definition
| 1) Suppresses transmission in pain pathways as they enter the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| The analgesic system depends on the presence of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of endogenous opiates? |
|
Definition
1) Endorphins
2) Enkephalins
3) Dynorphin opoid antagonists naloxone |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of naloxone? |
|
Definition
| 1) Drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway for the perception of sensation? |
|
Definition
1) Pain, temperature, and coarse touch cross the midline in the spinal cord
2) Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception pathways cross the midline in the medulla
3) Sensory pathways synapse in the thalamus
4) Sensations are perceived in the primary somatic sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| __________ proprioception is communicated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cerebrum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ proprioception is communicated primarily via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, to the cerebellum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of receptors? |
|
Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Mechanoreceptors
3) Thermoreceptors
4) Photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Each receptor type has an __________ __________, a particular form of energy to which it is most responsive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stimulus that is above __________ creates a graded potential in the receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is the level of stimulus intensity necessary for us to be aware of a particular sensation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ of a signal and its location are indicated by which sensory neurons are activated. The association of a receptor with a specific sensation is called __________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Modality
2) Labeled line coding |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus intensity is coded by the __________ of receptors activated and the __________ of their action potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For __________ receptors, the sensory neuron fires action potentials as long as the receptor potential is above threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors respond to a change in stimulus intensity but adapt if the strength of the stimulus remains constant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four somatosensory modalities? |
|
Definition
1) Touch
2) Proprioception
3) Temperature
4) Nociception |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ cross the midline so that one side of the brain processes information from the opposite side of the body. |
|
Definition
| 1) Secondary sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| Ascending sensory tracts terminate in the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature receptors detect __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are free nerve endings that respond to chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli; their activation is perceived as pain and itch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some responses to irritants, such as the withdrawal reflex, are protective __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is transmitted rapidly by small, myelinated fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is carried by small, unmyelinated fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain may be modulated either by descending pathways from the brain or by __________ mechanisms in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ from internal organs occurs when multiple primary sensory neurons converge onto a single ascending tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
