Term
| The __________ is composed of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The __________ is composed of the peripheral nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the CNS consist of? |
|
Definition
| 1) The brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What does the PNS consist of? |
|
Definition
| 1) The peripheral nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors |
|
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Term
| __________ neurons travel to the brain while __________ neurons travel to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ functions to transmit messages to and from the brain (__________ matter and to serve as a reflex center (__________ matter). |
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Definition
1) Spinal cord
2) White
3) Gray |
|
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Term
| __________ matter is found in the brain while __________ matter is found near the reflex center in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinal cord is a tube of neural tissue continuous with the __________ at the base of the brain and extends to about 17" below the last rib. |
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Definition
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Term
| Majority of the spinal cord has the diameter of a human __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinal cord is thicker at the neck and end of the cord (__________ and __________ enlargements) because of the large group of nerves connecting these regions of the cord with the arms and legs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ carries sensory (__________) information to the CNS. |
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Definition
1) Dorsal root
2) Afferent |
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Term
| What is the function of the dorsal root? |
|
Definition
| 1) Carries sensory information to the CNS |
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Term
| The __________ __________ carries motor (__________) information to muscle and glands. |
|
Definition
1) Ventral root
2) Efferent |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the ventral root? |
|
Definition
| 1) Carries motor information to muscles and glands |
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Term
| Gray matter consists of __________ and __________ nuclei. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What three elements does gray matter composed of? |
|
Definition
1) Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
2) Dendrites
3) Axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| What two elements does white matter consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Myelinated axons
2) Very few cell bodies |
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Term
| The spinal cord extends from the __________ __________ through the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Brain stem
2) Vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the two vital functions of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
1) Neuronal link between the brain and PNS
2) Integrating center for spinal reflexes |
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Term
| The white matter contains __________ that transfer information up and down the spinal cord. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the white matter contain that transfers information up and down the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The spinal cord contains cell bodies for __________ neurons and tracts of __________ going to and from the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ __________ carry sensory information to the brain.
__________ __________ carry commands to motor neurons. |
|
Definition
1) Ascending tracts
2) Descending tracts |
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Term
| What is the function of ascending tracts? Of Descending tracts? |
|
Definition
1) Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain
2) Descending tracts carry commands to motor neurons |
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Term
| __________ __________ carry commands to motor neurons. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ascending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain occupy the __________ and external __________ portions of the cord, such as the dorsal __________ and __________ tracts. |
|
Definition
1) Dorsal
2) Lateral
3) Column
4) Spinothalamic |
|
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Term
| Descending tracts that carry commands to effector organs occupy the __________ and internal __________ portions of the cord, such as the lateral and ventral __________ tracts. |
|
Definition
1) Ventral
2) Lateral
3) Corticospinal |
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Term
| The group of cell bodies in the CNS are referred to as __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The groups of cell bodies in the PNS are referred to as __________. |
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Definition
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Term
The cross section of the spinal cord is approximately __________ cm in longitudinal length.
Support and protection by the __________ __________ suspended in CSF. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three layers of the meninges? |
|
Definition
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater |
|
|
Term
| What are the three spaces within the meninges and what are they filled with? |
|
Definition
1) Epidural: Anesthesia injected
2) Subdural: Serous fluid
3) Subarachnoid: CSF |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord lie and what else is contained within this area? |
|
Definition
1) Spinal cavity
2) Vertebral column
3) The meninges
4) Spinal nerves
5) Spinal fluid
6) Blood vessels
7) Cushion of adipose / fat tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are two sensations regulated by somatic afferent fibers? |
|
Definition
1) Exteroceptive sensation
2) Proprioceptive sensation |
|
|
Term
| Exteroceptive sensation consists of sensitivity to what sensations? |
|
Definition
1) Pain
2) Temperature
3) Touch
4) Pressure |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body. |
|
Definition
| 1) Proprioceptive sensation |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of proprioceptive sensation? |
|
Definition
1) Joint position
2) Tension on tendons
3) Tension on muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a general somatic efferent sensation? |
|
Definition
| 1) Skeletal muscles (voluntary) |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative consequences of damage to the nerves? To the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
Nerves:
1) Pain
2) Tingling
3) Numbness
4) Weakness
Spinal Cord:
1) Paralysis
2) Numbness |
|
|
Term
__________ pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord through spaces formed between arches of adjacent vertebrae.
There are __________ pairs of cranial (neck) nerves
__________ pairs of thoracic (chest) nerves
__________ pairs of lumbar (abdominal) nerves
__________ pairs of sacral (pelvic) nerves
And __________ pair of coccygeal (tailbone) nerves) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bundle of processes in the PNS is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) A bundle of processes in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by an __________ which is a loose layer of connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is each axon within a nerve surrounded by? What type of tissue is this composed of? |
|
Definition
1) Endoneurium
2) Connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Groups of fibers are bound together into bundles (__________) by a __________. |
|
Definition
1) Fascicles
2) Perineurium |
|
|
Term
| What are groups of fibers called? What are they bound into bundles by? |
|
Definition
1) Fascicles
2) Perineurium |
|
|
Term
| All the fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for enclosing all the fascicles of a nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ is many axons bundled in connective tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a nerve fascicle? |
|
Definition
| 1) Many axons bundled in connective tissue |
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|
Term
| The __________ __________ is an integrating center. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ __________ initiates a response without input from the brain. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What can initiate a response without input from the brain? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ is any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Reflexes are only inborn. |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Reflexes may be inborn OR LEARNED |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of reflexes? |
|
Definition
1) Simple (basic) reflexes
2) Acquired (conditioned) reflexes |
|
|
Term
| __________ reflexes are built-in, innate responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ reflexes are from the result of practice and learning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflexes involving skeletal muscles and somatic motor neurons are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflexes controlled by the autonomic neurons are __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ reflexes are integrated within the spinal cord while __________ reflexes are integrated in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are spinal reflexes integrated? Cranial reflexes? |
|
Definition
1) Within the spinal cord
2) Within the brain |
|
|
Term
| Reflexes may be __________ or __________. |
|
Definition
1) Monosynaptic
2) Polysynaptic |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways in which reflexes can be classified? |
|
Definition
1) In terms of the systems that receive the stimulus and give the response
2) In terms of the number of neurons or synapses between the primary afferent neuron and the motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| What are four types of reflexes that can be classified on receiving / giving a response? |
|
Definition
1) Viscerovisceral reflexes
2) Viscerosomatic reflexes
3) Somatovisceral reflexes
4) Somatosomatic reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of reflexes that can be classified in terms of the number of neurons or synapses between the primary afferent neuron and the motor neuron? |
|
Definition
1) Monosynaptic reflex
2) Multisynaptic reflex |
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a rapid, predictable, motor response to a stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five components of a reflex arc? |
|
Definition
1) Receptor
2) Sensory neuron
3) Integration center
4) Motor neuron
5) Effector |
|
|
Term
| A __________ is the site of stimulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ transmits afferent information to the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An __________ __________ is composed of one or more interneurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains one or more interneurons? |
|
Definition
| 1) The integration center |
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ transmits efferent signals to an effector. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An __________ is a muscle or gland. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ __________ is when both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers are stretched; spindles are activated. Reflex occurs via la fibers and alpha motor neurons causing secondary contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An __________ __________ is when central excitation of alpha motor neurons only causes contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers with consequent relaxation of intrafusal fibers; spindles are not activated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ with __________ __________ is when intrafusal as well as extrafusal fibers contact; the spindles are activated, reinforcing the contraction stimulus via la fibers in accord with resistance. |
|
Definition
1) Active contraction
2) Gamma coactivation |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a richly vascularized mass of pia matter tissue that dip into pockets form by endymal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the choroid plexuses? What cells form the pockets they dip into? |
|
Definition
| 1) Vascularized masses of pia matter that dip into pockets formed by ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| Map the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
Definition
| 1) Lateral ventricles -> Foramen of Monro -> Third ventricle -> Aqueduct of Sylvius -> Fourth ventricle -> Foramen of Magendie -> Foramina of Luschka |
|
|
Term
| The cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into __________ __________ blood via __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Venous sinus
2) Arachnoid granulations |
|
|
Term
What is the normal pressure for CSF?
Normal appearance?
Normal total protein level? Gamma globulin?
Normal glucose amount?
Normal WBC count? RBC count? |
|
Definition
1) 70-80mm H20
2) Clear / colorless
3) 15-60mg / 100mL
4) 3-12% of the total protein
5) 50-80mg / 100mL (greater than 2/3 of blood sugar level)
6) 0-5 WBCs; NO RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord lie? What does this area consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Spinal cavity
2) Vertebral column
3) Meninges
4) Spinal nerves
5) Spinal fluid
6) Blood vessels
7) Cushion of adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is anesthesia caused by local anesthetic injection into epidural or sacral caudal space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epidural anesthesia? |
|
Definition
| 1) Anesthesia caused by local anesthetic injection into epidural or sacral caudal space |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
1) Protects the brain from chemical fluctuations in the blood
2) Minimizes the possibility that harmful blood-borne substances might reach the central nervous tissue
3) Prevents certain circulating hormones that could also act as neurotransmitters from reaching the brain
4) Limits the use of drugs for the treatment of the brain and spinal cord disorders |
|
|
Term
| Neural networks create __________ and __________ behaviors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain exhibits __________, the ability to change connections as a result of experience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is responsible for thought and emotion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CNS consists of layers of cells cells around a fluid-filled cavity and develops from the __________ __________ of the embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ of the CNS consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals.
The cell bodies either form layers in parts of the brain or else cluster into groups known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelinated axons form the __________ __________ of the CNS and run in bundles called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain and spinal cord are encased in the __________ and the bones of the __________ and vertebrae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the meninges composed of? |
|
Definition
1) Pia mater
2) Arachnoid membrane
3) Dura mater |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ cushions the tissue and creates a controlled chemical environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions in brain capillaries create a __________ __________ __________ that prevents possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal fuel source for neurons is __________ which is why the body closely regulates blood glucose concentrations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ of each spinal nerve carries incoming sensory information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ contain the nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ of white matter carry sensory information to the brain, and __________ __________ carry efferent signals from the brain. |
|
Definition
1) Ascending tracts
2) Descending tracts |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ remain within the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are integrated in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six major division of the brain? |
|
Definition
1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon
3) Midbrain
4) Cerebellum
5) Pons
6) Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is divided into the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain (mesencephalon). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves II to XII originate within the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a diffuse collection of neurons that play a role in many basic processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The medulla oblongata contains __________ and __________ __________ that convey information between the cerebrum and spinal cord.
Most tracts cross the midline in the __________ region.
The __________ contains control cents for many involuntary functions. |
|
Definition
1) Somatosensory
2) Corticospinal tracts
3) Pyramid
4) Medulla |
|
|
Term
| The __________ acts as a relay station for information between the cerebrum and cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ controls eye movement and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ relays and modifies sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ contains center for behavioral drives and plays a key role in homeostasis by its control over endocrine and autonomic function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ and __________ __________ are endocrine glands located in the diencephalon. |
|
Definition
1) Pituitary gland
2) Pineal gland |
|
|
Term
The cerebrum is composed of two hemispheres connected at the __________ __________.
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into __________, __________, __________, and __________ lobes. |
|
Definition
1) Corpus callosum
2) Frontal
3) Parietal
4) Temporal
5) Occipital |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral gray matter includes the __________ __________, basal ganglia, and limbic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ help control movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ acts as the link between cognitive functions and emotional responses.
It includes the __________ and __________ __________ linked to emotion and memory, and the __________, associated with learning and memory. |
|
Definition
1) Limbic system
2) Amygdala
3) Cingulate gyrus
4) Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| What three brain systems influence motor output? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory system
2) Cognitive system
3) Behavioral state system |
|
|
Term
| Higher brain functions such as reasoning arise in the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functional specializations of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory area
2) Motor areas
3) Association areas |
|
|
Term
| Each hemisphere of the cerebrum has developed functions not shared by the other hemisphere, a specialization known as __________ __________. |
|
Definition
| 1) Cerebral lateralization |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ __________ processes information about touch, temperature, and other somatic senses. |
|
Definition
| 1) Primary somatic sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ integrate sensory information into perception. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ controls states of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems. |
|
Definition
| 1) Behavioral state systems |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ of the reticular formation influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis. |
|
Definition
| 1) Diffuse modulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ keeps the brain conscious, or aware of self and environment. |
|
Definition
| 1) Reticular activating system |
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