Term
| In the hindlimb, which claw bears MOST OF THE WEIGHT during locomotion? |
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Definition
| Does the LATERAL CLAW bear more or less weight during locomotion? |
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Term
| Is lameness more or less common in the FORLIMB compared to the hindlimb? |
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Definition
| The limb that LESS FREQUENTLY exhibits lameness is the (fore or hind?) |
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Term
| Which class of animal exhibits higher incidences of FORELIMB LESIONS? |
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Definition
| Do FLIGHTLY, YOUNG ANIMALS show an increase in fore or hindlimb lesions? |
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Term
| What are the 5 primary claw lesions? |
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Definition
•Sole ulcers
•White line lesions
•Toe ulcers
•Sole fractures
•Heel horn erosion |
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Term
| What factors can cause mechanical lesions in the feet of cattle? |
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Definition
The following factors platy a role in which disease process?
Genetics, hoof management/trimming, poor laneway/yard/parlour floor design or management and milking management |
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Term
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Definition
| Which condition is caused by the LOSS OF SOLE AND EXPOSURE OF THE CORIUM? |
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Term
| Which disease process is considered to be a predisposition to SOLE ULCERS? |
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Definition
| The incidence of which disease is increased when LAMINITIS is present in a herd? |
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Term
| What is the WHITE LINE in the hoof? |
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Definition
| Which structure forms the FIBROUS JOINT BETWEEN THE HOOF WALL AND THE SOLE? |
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Term
| What is WHITE LINE DISEASE? |
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Definition
| Which disease shows clinically as haemorrhage into or separation of the white line on the apical or abaxial border of the sole, most commonly at the heel-sole junction, resulting in an infection? |
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Term
| Give some causes of LAMINITIS |
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Definition
| Which secondary disease process can result from SUB-ACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS? |
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Term
| In dairy cattle what is the main cause of LAMINITIS, with the condition being exacerbated by secondary issues, such as concrete floors and long periods of time standing on hard surfaces? |
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Definition
| RUMINAL ACIDOSIS is the primary cause of which disease process in dairy cattle? |
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Term
| What are some types on INFECTIOUS LAMENESS? |
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Definition
| INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS (foot rot), BOVINE DIGITAL DERMATITIS (hoof warts)and INTERDIGITAL HYPERPROLIFERATION are examples of what type of lameness? |
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Term
| What are the main pathogens associated with INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS? |
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Definition
| FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUM and PREVOTELLA MELANINOGENICUS are the main causative agents of which type of lameness? |
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Term
| What are the main pathogens associated with BOVINE DIGITAL DERMATITIS? |
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Definition
| MIXED GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBES, MICROAEROPHILLIC ORGANISMS and SPIROCHETES are the main casuative agents of which type of lameness? |
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Term
| What are some of the risk factors for the development of INFECTIOUS LAMENESS? |
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Definition
| WET, MUDDY CONDITIONS, HIGHT PREVELANCE OF DISEASE CAUSING PATHOGENS IN THE AREA, CROWDED AREAS WITH MANY CATTLE AND POOP are risk factors for which disease? |
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Term
| What are some management issues associated with LAMENESS? |
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Definition
STEEP SLOPES
SHARP TURNS IN LANEWAYS OR NARROW GATES
POOR MAINTAINENCE OF THE LANEWAYS
LARGE HERD SIZE (LONG WAITING TIMES FOR MILKING)
are management all factors that contribute to which disease process? |
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Term
| What is the minimum daily intake for lactating cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 chambers of the ruminant's "stomach" |
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Definition
| Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum |
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Term
| Which part of the ruminant fore stomach takes up the majority of the LEFT SIDE of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY? |
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Definition
| THE RETICULO-RUMEN sits on which side of the abdominal cavity? |
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Term
| What is the capacity of the RETICULO-RUMEN? |
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Definition
| Which section of the fore-stomach has a capacity of 100-150 L? |
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Term
| What is the capacity of the OMASUM? |
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Definition
| Which section of the fore-stomach has a volume of 7-18L? |
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Term
| What is the capacity of the ABOMASUM? |
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Definition
| Which section of the ruminant GIT can hold 10-20L? |
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Term
| Name the main landmarks of the RUMEN in a clockwise direction tarting at the oesophagus |
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Definition
Oesophagus, dorsal sac, dorsocaudal blind sac, caudal pillar, ventrocaudal blind sac, ventral sac, cranial pillar, atrium, ruminoreticular fold, reticulum, reticulo-omasal orifice, reticular groove, oesophagus.
What does this list describe and does it run clockwise or counter clockwise? |
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Term
| Which is the LARGEST SAC OF THE RUMEN? |
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Definition
| Is the DORSAL SAC larger or smaller than the ventral sac? |
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Term
| In which area of the GIT does HARDWARE DISEASE (or bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis)occur? |
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Definition
| Ingested foreign material (nails, wire etc.) may fall into the RETICULUM and cause what disease? |
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Term
| What particle size is able to pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which section of the GIT is ACID SECRETING AND THE "TRUE" STOMACH WITH A FUNDIC AND PYLORIC REGION? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how a oesophageal blockage could lead to rUMINAL ACIDOSIS |
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Definition
| What disease process could be created by preventing saliva from reaching the rumen. Remembering that saliva is high in bicarbonate. |
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Term
| SARA is characterised by a rumen pH of 5.2-5.6, what does SARA stand for? |
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Definition
| What is the characteristic feature of SUBACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS? |
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Term
| At what pH does RUMINAL STASIS occur? |
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Definition
| What happens to the rumen at a pH of AROUND 5 |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of CLINCAL ACUTE MASTITIS? |
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Definition
Which disease process is associated with the following clinical signs?
CATTLE OFF FEED, DROP IN MILK PRODUCTION, DEHYDRATION, TACHYCARDIA (90-120BPM), TACHYPNEA (50-80BPM), RUMEN STASIS, DECREASED TEMPERATURE, DIARRHOEA, WEAK, RECUMBENT, METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
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Term
| What are some of the aims of ruminal acidosis Tx? |
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Definition
| The aims of treatment include, corrcting rumen pH, correcting hydration status, discourage future lactic acid production, minimise the effect of endotoxins, restart the rumen motility and reduce the risk or liver abscessation. |
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Term
| How can you correct fluid balance in large animals? |
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Definition
There are 2 main ways of giving fluids, in small animals we go straight to IV, though this is not easy to do in large animals. If IV fluids were to be given, a hypertonic solution followed by Hartmanns or lactated Ringers solution.
A more cost effective method is to use an oral drench, mix a large volume (around 20L) with 45g NaCl and 60g of bicarb / 5L of water. |
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