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| fertile area in a desert, watered by a natural well or spring |
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| Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE |
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| one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime |
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| in Islam, an effort in God's service |
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| successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims |
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| slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer |
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| mosque official who climbs to the top of a minaret to call te faithful to prayer |
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| ability to move up in social class |
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| intricate design made up of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, used to decorate rugs, textiles, and glassware |
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| fancy or stylized handwriting |
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| in traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born |
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| elected warrior chie of an Aryan tribe in ancient India; local Hindu ruler in India |
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| in the Ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims |
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| elite force of the Ottoman army |
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| the holiest city in Islam |
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