Term
| How many times more energy does it take to heat water than soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What affects seed germination, root growth, biological activity, and water/nutrient availability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of beds dry out more quickly and heat up faster in spring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What soil color has the most organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 main reasons a soil has high organic matter? |
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Definition
| Top soil and water-logged, like marshes |
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Term
| What type of soil has oxidized iron compounds, indicates some oxygen is present, and has good drainage? |
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Definition
| Red, yellow, and light brown |
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Term
| What type of soil has reduced iron compounds, a lack of oxygen, and has poor drainage? |
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Definition
| Bluish-gray (gley) and green |
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Term
| What type of soil indicates soil that's waterlogged at least part of the year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aspect of tillage is decreasing in importance due to herbicides and resistant crops? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does tillage affect structure? |
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Definition
| Can be destroyed from over-tilling |
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Term
| What effect does tillage have on organic matter? |
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Definition
| Tilling puts more air in the soil, therefore organic matter can decompose faster |
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Term
| What type of tillage is the first pass and breaks up large pieces |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tillage is shallower soil layers, likely degrades soil structure and breaks clods into smaller pieces? |
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Definition
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Term
| Moldboard plow, chisel plow, subsoiler, and rippers do which kind of tillage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disc harrow, field cultivator, finishing harrow/drag, rolling harrow, rotary hallow, and rototilling do which kind of tillage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 types of tillage are best for reducing soil compaction on turf? |
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Definition
| Core aerification (other times) and deep tining (summer) |
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Term
| What are the 5 tillage methods for turf? |
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Definition
| Core aerification, deep tine/solid time aerification, water injection, spiking, and slicing |
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Term
| What are ways to reduce soil compaction around trees? |
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Definition
| Reducing foot traffic, heavy equipment, and an air spade which blows dirt away from top roots |
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Term
| What are 3 types of inorganic potting media? |
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Definition
| Vermiculite, perlite, and sand |
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Term
| What are 4 types of organic potting media? |
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Definition
| Peat, coir, rice hulls, and bark |
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Term
| What does the saturation zone do the larger the pot gets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What potting media has the lowest pH? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which potting media has the most CEC? |
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Definition
| Vermiculite, then peat moss |
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Term
| Which 3 potting medias are the best for macropores? |
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Definition
| Perlite, bark, and rice hulls |
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Term
| What's the best way to fill pots? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does fill & brush affect water-holding capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does compaction affect water-holding capability? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do small pots affect water-holding capability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the most common type of peat moss? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mined mineral that's expanded under high temps |
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Term
| T/F Vermiculite is an expanded mineral. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Bark requires nutrients to decompose. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Moving from one place to another |
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Term
| What are transformations? |
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Definition
| Materials change but remain in place |
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Term
| In Cl O R P T, what does Cl stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Cl O R P T, what does O stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Cl O R P T, what does R stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Cl O R P T, what does P stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Cl O R P T, what does T stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does cold weather affect organic matter? |
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Definition
| It breaks down more slowly resulting in higher organic matter |
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Term
| How does precipitation affect organic matter? |
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Definition
| It causes higher organic matter by more plant growth and leaching |
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Term
| Forest or prairie. What has higher organic matter? |
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Definition
| Prairie, 2x more (roots replaced every 3 years) |
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Term
| Deciduous vs coniferous. Which has higher organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do prairies have 2ft of organic matter? |
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Definition
| Fibrous deep roots of grasses |
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Term
| How deep is organic matter in forests? |
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Definition
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Term
| How deep is organic matter in prairies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Iowa soil generally have a high pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the state has more acidic soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of soil in Iowa is residual? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of Iowa soil is transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is wind blown soil called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is water-moved soil called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is gravity-moved soil called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the Loess Hills made of? |
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Definition
| Wind blown silt, well-drained, and high slopes |
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Term
| What is alluvial soil made typically of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil are foothills made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to soil that is constantly moved? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are producers that manufacture their own food? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are primary consumers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does heterotroph mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are secondary consumers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What feed off of dead organic materials? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dominant in tilled, not acidic, grasslands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of microorganisms are mostly decomposers, but some parasitic and symbionts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of microorganisms are multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's another name for mold bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bacteria resembles fungi because they grow a threaded network? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Actinomycetes is never parasitic. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the tilled soil aroma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil animals eat pests, but some eat pcrops? |
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Definition
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Term
| What soil organisms create macropores, feed on organic matter, and start the decay process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of soil organism has the highest biomass? |
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Definition
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Term
| What soil organism is most numerous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the zone of soil that is significantly influenced by living roots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is converting nitrogen so that plants can use it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the not movable form of nitrogen in a plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of plants fix nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms of nitrogen can be used by plants? |
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Definition
| Ammonium nitrate and mineralized |
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Term
| What factors increase organic matter in soil? |
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Definition
| Livestock, cover crops, and mulching |
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Term
| What factor decreases organic matter in soil? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What species of bacteria can fix nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do plants give rhizobia, so that they will give nitrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fungi feeds on sugars and give plants nitrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does mycorrhizal fungi live? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal hyphae that invades root cells |
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Term
| Are saprophytes good or bad for soil? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What soil organic matter decays fastest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What soil organic matter decays at a moderate rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What soil organic matter decays the slowest? |
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Definition
| Lignins (plant cell walls) |
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|
Term
| What's it called when nitrogen reacts with lignin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is conversion of organic compounds to inorganic? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's the stable portion of organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What happens when C:N is > 20:1 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is low C:N material? |
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Definition
| Green plant tissue, legume residues, compost, and manure |
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Term
| What is high C:N material? |
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Definition
| Wood materials, grain crop residue, and paper |
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Term
| T/F Organic nutrients are prone to leaching? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What forms of nutrients does CEC hold? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What acts as the glue to stock clay particles together? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does humus affect structure? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does humus affect macropores? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F Humus resists compaction (also decreases erosion) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What water-insoluble protein is produced by mycorrhizae? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most important substance in promoting/stabilizing aggregates? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Input/Output: Plant residues |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Input/Output: Decomposition |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What annual crop will increase organic matter if not tilled much? |
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Definition
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