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Coined the term sociology
• He emphasized on society over individual |
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| • purpose of sociology – to explain how to make modern society work |
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| weak social ties individualism/ lack of attachment not married/lonely |
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| strong social ties loyalty to others/group oriented WW2 suicide bombers no individual autonomy |
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| weak regulation normlessness/ controlled by society losing all your money social facts have you on rapid social at once change |
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| being overregulated by society no hope of change you feel resigned to your fate |
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| • His work concentrated on capitalism and his internal conflicts |
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| • Main contribution to sociology : opening up the analysis of economic classes and economic conflict |
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| • These issues have central place in the theory of how societies operate |
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| • Dialectical change – the process through which history is operated |
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| • Tried take sociology out of philosophy empirical approach |
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| • Father of scientific sociology finds scientific base for sociology |
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| • Aim to establish a naturalistic science of society |
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| • He suggested the use of positivism |
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| Process for understanding & interpreting the social world around us |
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| the position a researcher assumes to study the social world/human nature |
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| the extent to which we’re attached to our community ideals/rules |
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| worker’s are not allowed to express themselves completely they are alienated |
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| the object produces by labor, its product, now stands opposed to it as an alien being as a power independent of the producer |
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| Mead: “Taking the Role of the Other” |
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| Children develop self-image by taking the role of someone else. |
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How social world is created by us (people), how we connect to others, how reality is constructed…
How your behavior is a response of your social conditions/environment
Examine social patterns require active participation, critical affection and analysis. |
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Scientific study of society and human behavior
the study of society, investigation and critical analysis, to develop knowledge the human social structure and activity. |
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Understanding human behavior by placing it within a broader social context
helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals and offers insights about the social world that extend far beyond explanations that rely on individual quirks and personalities. |
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Personal problems are linked with larger Social Issues/Structure.
• Many events that seem to concern only the individual, in reality, reflects larger issues. Example: Unemployment
Life is achieved with peace
Everyone has the equal right to live
We are all intermixed, consider others actions. |
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| A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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| People use symbols (things that we attach meaning to) to develop their views of the world and to communicate to one another |
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| Society is composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled contributes to society’s equilibrium |
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| the fields of scientific knowledge and academic scholarship that study social groups and, more generally, human society. |
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| refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin. |
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| believed that values of the researcher should not affect the research at all, and objectivity (total neutrality) should be applied; if not research is biased. Sociology should be value free, stress need of replication |
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| Debated topic: disagreement on the proper purposes and uses of sociology- advance understanding on social life vs. try to alleviate human suffering and improve society |
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| are the result of a weakening of the bonds that normally integrate individuals into the collectivity: in other words a breakdown of social integration. |
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| occur in societies with high integration, where individual needs are seen as less important than the society's needs as a whole. |
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| are the product of moral deregulation and a lack of definition of legitimate aspirations through a restraining social ethic, which could impose meaning and order on the individual conscience. |
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| the four types of social action |
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| Calculative, Rational, Affectual, Traditional |
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| Means and rationality- achieving specific goals desired.(type of action) |
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| oriented toward religious values (religious behavior-protestant ethic) (type of action) |
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| states of feeling/emotions (TYPE OF ACTION) |
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| belief/habituation of long practice (type of action) |
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| Enlightenment Philosophers |
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individual is primary
*social is the individual |
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society is primary
*you are shaped by social institutions |
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| is to try to understand another culture on its own terms. Looking at a culture from their perspective. |
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| is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. It is a consequence of culture and the way we grow up and our taught values |
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| The Social Construction of Reality: |
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| Persons and groups interacting together in a social system form, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other. |
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| • Realized this when studying the Hopi Indians- found that they have no words to distinguish past, present, and future |
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| A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
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| Things like jewelry, art, buildings weapons, machines, and even eating utensils, hairstyles and clothing. |
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| A group’s way of thinking (beliefs, values, etc.) and doing (behavior; language gestures) |
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| (define what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, etc.) -ideas of what is desirable in life |
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| Expectations or rules that develop out of a group’s |
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| Norms that are not strictly enforced are called (passing someone on the right side of the sidewalk and a male not wearing a shirt) |
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| Norms that we think of as essential to our core values and therefore insist on conformity (not killing, stealing, or raping and male or female not wearing pants) |
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| Change in social structure: the nature, the social institutions, the social behavior or the social relations of a society, community of people, and so on. (Emerging Values) |
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| The term used by sociologists to refer to values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to. • Example: Success- this needs hard work, education, efficiency, material comfort, and individualism |
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Norms and values that people actually follow
When people don’t work hard, get an education, work in an efficient way with the rest of the values they don’t get success. This is more common. |
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| The process in which cultures become similar to each other. (Globalization of capitalism is bringing both technology and western culture to the rest of the world). |
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| (“society makes us humans”) the process of inheriting cultural norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. |
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| children who are isolated from society and therefore are not ‘socialized’ or culturally developed. Their intelligence levels are typically low and they cannot speak or interact like a normal Institutionalized Child could. |
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| Studied what junior high school boys talk about. She discovered that they talk mostly about what they see on TV or video games |
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| Studied difference in parenting between the working and middle classes. |
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| Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual |
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