Term
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Definition
| A system of producing and distributing goods and services. |
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Definition
| A type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorenstein Veblen' s term for a change from the protestant ethic to an eagerness to show off wealth by the consumption of goods. |
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Definition
| The means by which people place a value on goods and services in order to make an exchange, for example, currency, gold, and silver. |
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Definition
| The direct exchange of one item for another. |
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Definition
| Currency issued by a government that is not backed by stored value. |
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Definition
| The amount of goods and services produced by a nation. |
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Definition
| A device that allows its owner to purchase goods and to be billed later. |
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Definition
| Digital money that is stored on computers |
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Definition
| An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition. |
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Definition
| Unrestrained manufacture and trade (literally "hands off" capitalism. |
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Definition
| An economic system in which individuals own the means of production but the state regulates many economic activities for the welfare of the population. |
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Definition
| The control of an entire industry by a single company |
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Definition
| An economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive. |
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Definition
| A hybrid economic system in which capitalism is mixed with state ownership. |
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Definition
| The excercise of power and attempts to maintain or to change power relations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others |
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Definition
| Power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power. |
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Definition
| Power that people do not accept as rightly excercised over them; also called illegitimate power. |
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Definition
| A political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; commonly known as a country. |
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Definition
| Authority based on custom. |
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Definition
| Authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers. |
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Definition
| An independent city whose power radiates outward, bringing the adjacent area under its rule. |
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Definition
| A form of government headed by a king or queen. |
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Definition
| The concept that birth ( and residence) in a country impart basic rights. |
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Definition
| A system of government in which authority derives from the people; the term comes from two Greek words that translate literally as "power to the people". |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of government in which an individual has seized power. |
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Definition
| A form of government in which a small group of individuals hold power; the rule of the many by the few. |
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Definition
| A political party that represents less popular ideas. |
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Definition
| A government in which a country's largest party align itself with one or more smaller parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband. |
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Definition
| A family consisting of a husband, wife, and child(ren). |
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Definition
| A nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles, and aunts. |
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Definition
| The family in which a person grows up. |
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Definition
| The family formed when a couple's first child is born. |
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Definition
| The practice of marrying within one's own group. |
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Definition
| The practice of marrying outside one's group. |
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Definition
| Authority more or less equally divided between people or groups, in this instance between husband and wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feelings of erotic attraction accompanied by an idealization of the other. |
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Definition
| A married couple's domestic situation after the last child has left home. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emphasis on male strength and dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family whose members were once part of other families. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of parenting in which a father, after divorce, reduces contacts with his own children, serves as a father to the children of the woman he marries of lives with, then ignores these children, too, after moving in with or marrying another woman. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intended beneficial consequences of people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unitended beneficial consequences of people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work. |
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Term
| Cultural transmission of values |
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Definition
| In reference to education, the ways in which schools transmit a society's culture, especially its core values. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helping people to become part of the mainstream of society |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A function of education - funneling peoplento a society's various position. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unwrittten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sociological principle that schools correspond to ( or reflect) the social structure of their society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher greades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| A high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math. |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for common elements of everyday life. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion - a moral community of believers; a second definition is a type of religious organization - a large, highly organized group with formal, sedate worship servises and little emphasis on personal conversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Bellah's term for religion that is such an established feature of a country's life that its history and social institutions become sanctified by being associated with God. |
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Term
| Functional Equivalent of Religion |
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Definition
| In this context, a substitute that serves the same functions (or meets the same needs) as religion, for example, psychotherapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ceremonies or repetitive practices; ni this context, religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaching or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden awareness of the supernatural r a feeling of coming in contact with God. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term describing Christians who have undergone a life-transforming religious experience so radical that they feel they have become new persons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that there is only one God. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that there are many gods. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that all objects in the world have spirits, some in which are dangerous and must be outwitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt to in converts. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the social institutions that sociologists study; a society's organized ways of dealing with sickness or injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| A human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social role that excuses people from normal obligations because they are sick or injured, while at the same time expecting them to seek competent help and cooperate in getting well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Payment to a physician to diagnose and treat a patient's medical problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of diseases and disability patterns in a population. |
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Term
| Two-tier system of medical care |
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Definition
| A system of medical care in which the wealthy receive superior medical care and the poor inferior medical care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical practices done not for the patient's benefit but in order to protect a physician from malpractice suits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dealing with people as though they were objects; in the case of medical care, as though patients were merely cases and diseases, not people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Health maintenance organization |
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Definition
| A health care organization that provides medical treatment to its members for a fixed annual cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practices of sending unprofitable patients to public hospitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| An environment that is harmful to health. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human population. |
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Term
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Definition
| An observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth) |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, thus accelerating in the latter stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three-stage historical process of population growth: first, high birth rates and high death rates; second, high birth rates and low death rates; and third, low birth rates and low death rates; a fourth stage has begun to appear in the most industrialized nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphic representation of a population, divided into age and sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three factors that influence population growth: fertility, morality, and net migration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of children that the average woman bears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of children that women are capable of bearing |
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Term
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Definition
| The net change in a population after adding births, subtracting deaths, and either adding or subtracting net migration. |
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Term
| Basis demographic equation |
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Definition
| Growth rate equals birth minus death plus net migration |
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Term
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Definition
| A demographic condition in which women bear only enough children to reproduce the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place in which a large number o people are permanently based and do not produce their own food. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and has a growing influence on the culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A central city surrounded by small-scale patterns of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extraordinary activities carried out by groups of people; includes lynching, rumors, panics, urban legends, and fads and fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gustave LeBon's term for the tendency of people in a crowd to feel, think, and act in extraordinary ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Park's term for a back-and forth communication among the members of a crowd whereby a "collective impulse" is transmitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excited group of people who move toward a goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crowd standing or walking around as they talk excitedly about some event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Richard Berk's term for the efforts people make to minimize their costs and maximize their rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Violent crowd behavior directed at people and property. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition of being so fearful that one cannot function normally, and may even flee. |
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Term
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Definition
| The incorporate of additional activities into a role. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imagined threat that causes physical symptoms among a large number of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A story with an ironic twist that sounds realistic but is false. |
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Term
| Alterative social movement |
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Definition
| A social movement that seeks to alter only some specific aspects of people. |
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Term
| Redemptive social movement |
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Definition
| A social movment that resists to change people totally, to redeem them. |
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Term
| Proactive social movement |
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Definition
| A social movement that promotes some social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who joins a group in order to spy on it and to sabotage it by provoking its members to commit extreme acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The alteration of cultures and societies over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of an invention or a discovery form one area to another identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for postindustrial society; a chief characteristic is the use of tools that extend human abilities to gather and analyze information, to communicate, and to travel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product - this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something. |
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Term
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Definition
| A world system that takes into account the limits of the environment, produces enough material goods for everyone's needs, and leaves a heritage of a sound environment for the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rain containing sulfric acid and nitric acid (burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that becomes sulfuric ad nitric acids when they react with moisture in the air.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the earth's temperature due to the greenhouse effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The financial incentives (tax breaks, subsides, and even land and stadiums) given to corporations in order to attract them to an area or induce them to remain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the pollution of our environment affecting minorities and the poor the most. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| : The institution and processes through which public policies are made for a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. Politics produces authoritative decisions about public issues |
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Term
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Definition
| All the activities by which citizens attempt to influence the selection of political leaders and the policies they pursue. Voting is the most common means of political participation in a democracy. Other means include protest and civil disobedience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that have a narrow interest, on which their members tend to take an uncompromising stance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which policy comes into being and evolves. People's interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems, and concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| : The political channels through which people's concerns become politcal issues on the policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
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Term
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Definition
| The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people involved in politics at a point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| An issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it. |
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Term
| Policymaking institutions |
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Definition
| The branches of government charged with taking action on politcal issues. The US Constitution Established three policymaking institutions- congress, the presidency, and the courts. Today, the power of the bureaucracy is so great that most politcal scientists consider it a fourth policymaking institution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A poliy is a course of action taken with regard to some problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effects a policy has on people and problems. Impacts are analyzed to see how well a policy has met its goal and at what cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| : A fundamental principle of traditional democratic theory. In a democracy choosing among alternatives requires that the majority's desire be respected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A principle of traditional democratic theory that garuntees rights to choose who do not belong to majorities |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of American democracy emphasizing that the policymaking process is very open to the participation of all groups with shared interests, with no single group usually dominating. Pluralists tend to believe that as a result, public interest generally prevails. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of American democracy contending that an upper-class elite holds the power and makes policy, regardless of the formal governmental organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of American democracy contending that groups are so strong that government, which gives in to the many different groups, is thereby weakened. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is stron enough to form a majority and establish policy, so nothing gets done. |
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Term
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Definition
| A overall set of values widely shared within a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| (GDP), The total value of all goods and services produced annually by the United States. |
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