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| focuses on broad features of society (used by functionalists and conflict theorists) |
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| focuses on social interaction (used by symbolic interactionists) |
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| what people do when they are in one another's presence/behavior between people that is given meaning by them |
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| a system of social interaction that includes culture and social organization |
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| the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships of social interactions |
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| an established position/rank in a social structure |
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| "assigned" --sex, race/ethnicity, age |
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"earned" --professor, dentist, murderer, etc.
--attained through own efforts |
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| Set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status (what you do in your status position) |
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| incompatible expectations of 2 or more roles (ex: as a student you should study for the test, as a friend you should be there for your friend) |
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| Conflicting expectations from the same role |
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| Social construction of reality |
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| theory that our perception of what is real is determned by the subjective meaning we attribute to an experience (ex: eyewitnesses to a car crash all seem to see different things) |
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| theory that by deliberately disrupting the social norms, people will try to restore normalcy |
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| we spend the majority of time with people, and we are drawn to pairings (friendship, romance, etc.) and imprinting -- like when a baby duck is born and thinks you are its mother so it follows you around (babies know who their mother is) |
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| How is attraction scientifically proven? |
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| proximity, exposure, perceived physical attractiveness, and similarity |
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| theory by ERVING GOFFMAN!! that analyzes social life in terms of drama/stage |
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| how we act around others (the teacher teaching is on her stage, etc.) |
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| our "rest" from performance, where we can truly be ourselves |
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| emphasis that individual gives to a role (our "style") |
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| efforts made to manage the perceptions that others give to us |
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used to communicate our roles (our physical appearance, attitude, etc.)
-social setting, appearance, and manner |
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| what one does to cover for an unplanned event during "performance" (playing something off as a joke, for example) |
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| the audience ignoring embarrassing behavior |
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Established and organized systems of behavior with recognized purposes
(Family, Religion, Education, Mass Media, etc.) |
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| What are the functions of social institutions? |
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| Socialization of members, producing Goods and Services, Replacing members, stability/existence, and sense of purpose |
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| DURKHEIM's term for the unity that people feel as a result of performing the same similar tasks |
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| DURKHEIM's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor (think: organism needs many different organs to survive) |
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| TONNIES's type of society in which life is intimate and everyone knows everyone else (community) |
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| TONNIES's type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest |
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| a status that is dominant over all other statuses (a disability perhaps, or a successful billionaire, etc.) |
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| all the statuses a person has |
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| the coming together and creating a sense of belonging through each other |
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| a deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act |
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| social construction of reality |
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| the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real |
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| what are the three layers of social stratification? |
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| what are the 4 major systems of stratification? |
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| slavery, caste, estate, and class |
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1st: nobility
2nd: clergy
3rd: commoners |
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| allowing only the 1st born son to inherit the land (1st estate) |
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| a commoner that comes with the land of the nobility |
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| What are the 3 causes of slavery? |
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| what is the highest in India's caste system? |
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| Who came up with the determinants of Social class (property, power, prestige)? |
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| What was Davis and Moore's explanation for society's stratification? |
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(Functionalist view)
1. Society must make sure all the positions are filled
2. Some Positions are more important than others
3. the more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people
4. to motivate these people, society must offer them great rewards |
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| who noted the errors in Davis and Moore's explanation? |
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Definition
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| who noted the errors in Davis and Moore's explanation? |
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(conflict perspective)
every society will be stratified by power
1. No society can exist unless it is organized (requires leadership)
2. Leadership requires inequality of power
3. because humans are selfish, the person/people in power will use their positions to obtain greater rewards for themselves |
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| what was Marx's argument? |
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Definition
| The functionalist explanation for stratification is ideology of the elite and that class consciousness will overcome this blinding ideology |
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| How do elites maintain stratification? |
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Definition
soft control vs. force
- control people's ideas, information, and technology |
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Term
| what were the old three classifications for countries? |
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Definition
| First World (Industrialized nations), Second World (Communist nations), and Third World (all the others) |
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| What are the NEW ways of classifying countries? |
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Definition
| Most Industrialized Nations, Idustrializing Nations, and Least Industrialized Nations |
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| In what ways did the world become stratified? |
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Definition
-colonialism
-world system theory
-culture of poverty |
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| what are the four groups of nations from WALLERSTEIN's World system theory? |
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Definition
-core nations: the first industrialized nations
-semiperiphery: nations that grew stagnant and dependent on trade with core nations
-periphery: fringe nations that are much less developed
-external area: nations that left out of the development of capitalism |
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| how does the world maintain global stratification? |
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Definition
-neocolonialism: causing poor nations to be indebted to industrialized ones
-multinational corporations: allowing people in less developed countries to work, but can threaten to take away that work if people complain
-Technology and Global Domination: the fact that un-industrialized countries can never seem to keep up with the ever advancing technology |
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| What are the importance of norms? |
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Definition
| without them the society would be in chaos |
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| why is deviance sometimes seen as threatening? |
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Definition
| it undermines predictability |
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| when a norm is violated, what can happen? |
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Definition
| sanctions are imposed (either positive or negative) |
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| it is a violation of the law |
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| attributes that discredit one's claim to a "normal" identity and may define a person's master status (GOFFMAN) (ex. a disability or a crime that you have commited) |
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| SUTHERLAND: the groups you associate with predicts likelihood of deviance (Sym. Interactionism) |
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| everyone is propelled towards deviancebut a system of controls works against these motivations to deviate |
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| labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them |
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| how do people "reject" being labeled?(neutralization) |
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Definition
| denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to a higher loyalty |
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Term
| what did Durkheim believe about crime/deviance? |
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Definition
(Functionalism)
crime is natural and may represent the core values of society, thus contributing to social order (we reaffirm our values when someone breaks the law) |
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Term
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Definition
(Functionalism)
MERTON's theory that when people are socialized to desire cultural goals but are denied the accepted means to reach them, they may use crime to attain that goal |
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Term
| what are the four deviant paths? |
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Definition
-innovators: people who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try to reach them (embezzlers, drug dealers, etc.)
-ritualism: still follow the rules/norms of society, yet have given up on achieving the goal (unenthusiastic)
-Retreatism: people that reject both the goal and the means of reaching them
-Rebellion: reject both the goal and the means, but also seek to give society new goals and means |
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Term
| Illegitimate Opportunity theory |
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Definition
(Functionalist)
CLOWARD AND OHLIN's theory that the social classes have distinct styles of crimes due to differnet access to the means to achieve goals (thus explaining white collar crime and crime of poor people) |
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| What two groups is society split into? |
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Definition
the ruling class (owners of the means of productuon) and the working class
(upper level working class, stable working class, and marginal working class) |
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| What are the reactions to Deviance? |
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-Retribution: the death penalty
-Deterrence
-Rehabilitation
-Incapacitation: prison |
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Definition
| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (ex: high is power and wealth, but not prestige) |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (ex: high is power and wealth, but not prestige) |
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