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| asks that we study peoples’ cultures |
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| lets us understand the relationship between particular and general, or what has made a difference |
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-not to be judgmental to others
-centered on our own group and experience, and the need to take a step back |
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| asks that we study peoples’ cultures |
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| lets us understand the relationship between particular and general, or what has made a difference |
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-not to be judgmental to others
-centered on our own group and experience, and the need to take a step back |
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| what did C. Wright mills mean by the sociological imagination? |
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for doing sociology that stresses being able to connect individual experiences and societal relationships. The three components that form the sociological imagination are:
-History: how a society came to be and how it is changing and how history is being made in it
-Biography: the nature of "human nature" in a society; what kinds of people inhabit a particular society
-Social Structure: how the various institutional orders in a society operate, which ones are dominant, how they are held together, how they might be changing, etc. |
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| Structural functionalism, or in many contexts simply functionalism, is a broad perspective in sociology and anthropology which sets out to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts |
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| A sociological perspective that focuses on the tensions, divisions and competing interests present in human societies |
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| A sociological perspective that stresses the way societies are created through the interactions of individuals. |
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George M. Head:
The social Self |
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| "I" is the response to the "Me." |
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George M. Head:
The I/Me dimensions of the self |
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| The "I" is self as subject; the "me" is self as object. The "I" is the knower, the "me" is the known. |
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George M. Head:
The importance of Language and symbols |
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Definition
-Language enables us to talk about ourselves in the same way as we talk about other people, and thus through language we become other to ourselves.
-The rudimentary situation is a conversation of gestures, in which a gesture on the part of the first individual evokes a preparatory movement on the part of the second, and the gesture of the second organism in turn calls out a response in the first person. On this level no communication occurs. Neither organism is aware of the effect of its own gestures upon the other; the gestures are nonsignificant. For communication to take place, each organism must have knowledge of how the other individual will respond to his own ongoing act. Here the gestures are significant symbols.[15] A significant symbol is a kind of gesture that only humans can make. Gestures become significant symbols when they arouse in the individual who is making them the same kind of response they are supposed to elicit from those to whom the gestures are addressed. |
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| What did C.H. Cooley mean by the "looking glass self" or "reflected self" |
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| People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's opinion on themselves |
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| those people we interact with as family and friends |
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| anyone who is not our family and friends |
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| a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position. |
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| http://www.nyu.edu/classes/persell/reading4.html |
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| Nonverbal communication (NVC) |
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| is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.... |
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| Verbal communication (VC) |
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| Communication in the form of words and sentences |
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| The official classification given to a person, country, or organization, determining their rights or responsibilities |
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| The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation |
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| "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
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| A method of sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common-sense view of the world |
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| What did Erving Goffman mean by "the presentation of self in everyday life"? |
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| It uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human – namely, social – action. |
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| Dramaturgy or Dramaturgical analysis |
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| the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance |
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| Dramaturgy or Dramaturgical analysis: Front Stage |
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| "front stage" actions are visible to the audience and are part of the performance |
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| Dramaturgy or Dramaturgical analysis: Back Stage |
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| People engage in "back stage" behaviors when no audience is present. |
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| -was an American social psychologist most notable for his controversial study known as the Milgram Experiment. The study was conducted in the 1960s during Milgram's professorship at Yale.[1] Milgram was influenced by the events of the Nazi Holocaust to carry out an experiment that would demonstrate the relationship between obedience and authority. |
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| -measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. M |
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| Conformity in Stanley Milgrams experiment did what..? |
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| In those experiments, the participant was joined by one or two additional "teachers" (also actors, like the "learner"). The behavior of the participants' peers strongly affected the results |
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-A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose.
-An organization providing residential care for people with special needs. |
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| A number of people or things that are located close together or are considered or classed together. |
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-a large secondary group designed and structured to efficiently fulfill specific goals.
-Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation. In some societies and in some organization, such rules may be strictly followed; in others, they may be little more than an empty formalism. |
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| -A theory that suggests that there is a 'best' way to perform work tasks. |
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| A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution,[1] and are occasionally characterized by officialism and red tape |
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Definition
-rationality
-efficiency
-hierarchy
-division of labor
-rules and regulation
-impersonal
-written communication |
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-rationalization
-predictability
-calculability (quantity vs. calculability)
-Control and conformity |
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| Weber feared that principles of bureaucratic organization would lead to people being caught in an overlapping series of "cages" generated by this type of organization |
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Definition
He states that people generally fall into one of three cages that summarize their view:
1. In the velvet cage are people who are not threatened by McDonaldization, but instead enjoy and are comforted by the rationalization and the predictability it brings to society.
2.The rubber cage is for people who dislike some aspects of McDonaldization, but at the same time like other aspects of it. They are usually the one who recognize the cost of becoming too McDonaldized and try to find ways to temporarily escape the process.
3.The third type is the iron cage, and these people are more pessimistic and try to fight back against the McDonaldization process |
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| Mcdonalization - "Cog in a wheel" |
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| As a consequence, humanity is increasingly denied the possibility of creative, imaginative decision making, and is reduced to little more than a cog within a vast rationalised machine; a machine which is intensively occupied with going nowhere |
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| A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution |
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| A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives |
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| The power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events |
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| Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. |
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| A business or organization established to provide a particular service, typically one that involves organizing transactions between two other parties |
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| he action of explaining the meaning of something |
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| An act of selecting or making a decision when faced with two or more possibilities |
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| Teen Pregnancy: Compare the decade of the 1950's to the decade of the 2000's. Explain how teen pregnancy in the 1950's differs from the experience of the 2000's. |
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| the rate of teen pregnancy is not as different as people thought, but the difference in historical events is what’s going on. In the 1950s women were just pressured to get married to fix the problem. There is less of a pressure to get married at this day and time. |
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| what role do weak family ties and low income have in the rates of teen pregnancy? |
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| according to Newman the rates of teen pregnancy are higher when the teen comes form a family with relatively weak family ties and lower socio economic ties |
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| what are the critical issues for defining and understanding date rape? |
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| – common sense reasoning tells everyone that this occurs among strangers. Sociological analysis people say that its among people you know |
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| Why are divorce rates high? Do they suggest a decline of the institution of marriage? |
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-people wont resolve problems
-yes |
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| Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex |
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| the "shift" of work handled by women at home, consisting of housework. (The "first shift" being their job.) |
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-Ideal norms are what everyone would like the norms to be. The fantasy of normal.
-Real norms are factual, how society really defines normal |
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| The fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, esp. in social or sexual behavior. |
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| positive impact on society - deviance |
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| but there are many "positive" sides to deviance. For example, ice cream lovers in the United States have come to regard "Ben and Jerry's" ice cream as one of the best brands on the market. But the founders of this product, Ben and Jerry, are generally regarded as "deviants" in the minds of the "established" corporate society. |
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| The medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
three major paradigms may be identified that have reigned over deviance designations in different historical periods:
-deviance as sin;
-deviance as crime; and
-deviance as sickness. |
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| unequal power in defining "deviance" |
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Definition
| The power to label behaviour as "deviant" arises partly from the unequal distribution of power within the state, and because the judgment carries the authority of the state, it attributes greater stigma to the prohibited behaviour. |
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| What are the objective conditions for defining an issue as a "social problem" |
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Definition
-rates of occurrence has to be recognized as a problem
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-A significant proportion of the population must be involved in defining the problem.
-The condition must be capable of solution through collective action by people.
-The condition must involve a gap between social ideals and social reality.
-The objective condition must be perceived to be a social problem publicly. |
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