Term
|
Definition
| Published first study of social psychology investigating the effect of competition on performance |
|
|
Term
| William McDougall (psych) E.H. Ross (socio) |
|
Definition
| Each published the first books on social psychology in 1908 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with social behavior, including the ways people influence each other's attitudes and behavior, the impact that individuals have on one another, the impact that social groups have in individual group members, the impact that individual group members have upon social groups, and the impact that social groups have on other social groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggested that social approval influences behavior, showed that the course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon the feedback of others (1950s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds that behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main figure in social learning theory, he basically proposed that behavior is learned through imitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keystone of modern social psychology, includes cognition or beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predisposition about something. I have a knowledge of something and hold a certain belief about it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hold that people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference |
|
|
Term
| Fritz Heider's Balance Theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives |
|
|
Term
| Forced-Compliance Dissonance |
|
Definition
| occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes |
|
|
Term
| Post-Decisional Dissonance |
|
Definition
| dissonance emerges after choice is made |
|
|
Term
| Spreading of Alternatives |
|
Definition
| the relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart |
|
|
Term
| Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) |
|
Definition
| conducted a boring experiment and gave half of the group $20 and the other half $1 to say they liked it. $1 group reported higher rate of liking the experiment to prevent dissonance |
|
|
Term
| Minimal Justification Effect |
|
Definition
| when the external justification is minimal, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognitions |
|
|
Term
| Daryl Bem's Self-Perception Theory |
|
Definition
| when your attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself. |
|
|
Term
| Over-justification Effect |
|
Definition
| if that you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intend to persuade someone. Three components-communicator, communication, and situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can take longer for something to have an impact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain arguments for and against a position, are often used for persuasion since such seems to be "balanced" communication |
|
|
Term
| Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion |
|
Definition
| suggests that there are two routs to persuasion- central and peripheral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we care about the issue being discussed, we follow the persuaders argument closely and mentally evaluate the persuaders arguments by generating counterarguments of our own, strong arguments will change our mind |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Route Persuasion |
|
Definition
| we don't care about the issue, can't clearly hear the message, or are distracted, strength of the argument doesn't matter what matter's is how, by whom, or what surroundings the argument is being presented in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses the analogy of inoculation, people can be inoculated against the attack of persuasive communications, tested through cultural truisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs that are seldom attacked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presenting arguments about a fact then refuting those arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people will hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been shown to be false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person's sense of freedom is threatened, the person will tend to act in a way to reassert a sense of freedom |
|
|
Term
| Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory |
|
Definition
| suggests that we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people. Three principles-people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. The less the similarity of opinions and abilites between two people, the less the tendency to make these comparisons. When a discrepancy exists with respect to opinions and abilities there is a tendency to change one's position so as to move it in line with the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted research that found that greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we tend to like people that like us, and dislike those who dislike us |
|
|
Term
| Gain-Loss Principle (Aronson and Linder) |
|
Definition
| an evaulation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant i.e. we will like someone more if their liking for us has increased than someone who has consistently like us and vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumes that a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another, the more rewards out weight the costs the greater that attraction to the other person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposes that we consider not only our own costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between individual characteristics i.e. intelligence, attitudes, age, education, height, etc play a role in attraction and affiliation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanation of opposites attract, claims that people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determinant of attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on familiarity, states that mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people will generally develop liking for someone who lives within a few blocks than for someone who lives in a different neighborhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| key figure in mere-exposure research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself or herself |
|
|
Term
| John Darley and Bibb Latane |
|
Definition
| groundbreaking research on bystander intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence of other people involved in a situation |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
| the presence of others may lead to the interpretation of an event as a nonemergency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another |
|
|
Term
| Batson's empathy-altruism model |
|
Definition
| when faced with situations in which others may need help people might feel distress, and or they might feel empathy |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| when people are frustrated they act aggressively |
|
|
Term
| Bandura's Social Learning Theory |
|
Definition
| aggression is learned though modeling or through reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you stare at a point of light in a room that is dark the light will appear to move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted study on conformity, found that subject's solitary estimates changed so that the group agreed upon the amount of movement, individuals conformed to the group; their judgments converged on some group norm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conformity study with lines, found a strong tendency for subjects to conform to the incorrect responses of confederates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obedience experiment, convinced participants to continuously shock a stranger for their incorrect response to questions, discovered the drive to obey was stronger than the drive to not hurt someone against their will |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demonstrates that compliance with a small request increases likelihood of compliance with a larger request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with how our social lives influence our perspectives of ourselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doll preference study, examined self-concept among ethnically white and black children. Majority of white and black children picked white doll. Showed negative effects of racism and minority group status on the self-concept of black children |
|
|
Term
| Dimensions of Personal Identity |
|
Definition
| there are several factors that determine which identity will be enacted in particular situations. our identities are organized according to hierarchy of salience, or that which holds the most importance for us in each particular situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to those occasions when first impressions are more important that subsequent impressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sometimes the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impression of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
| when inferring the causes of other behaviors, there is a general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions. They are a shitty person instead of that was a shitty situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to allow a general impression about a person to influence other more specific evaluations about a person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied tendency for individuals to believe in a just world-good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social psychologists are concerned with how being a member of a group affects individual behavior. individual behavior is influenced by group norms, or expectations of behavior in given situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted a study at a women college that demonstrated the influence of group norms on the individual, found a high level of conformity to group of proximity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you stare at a point of light in a room that is dark the light will appear to move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted study on conformity, found that subject's solitary estimates changed so that the group agreed upon the amount of movement, individuals conformed to the group; their judgments converged on some group norm |
|
|
