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| exists when a conclusion that A leads to B is correct. |
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| Cross-population generalizability (external validity) |
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| exists when findings about one group population or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings. |
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| involves gathering facts to define or describe a social phenomenon |
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| extent to which it can be used to inform us about people, places, or events that were not studied. |
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| ability to rule out all other explanations for the findings. |
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| when a measure measures what we think it measures |
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| when we conclude that what we have observed or what we know for some cases is true for all cases. |
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| exists when a conclusion based on a sample or subset of a larger population holds true for that population |
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| choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs. |
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| a set of logical, systematic documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes; the knowledge produced by these investigations. |
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| statements or conclusions are accurate |
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| encourages systematic reviews of research evidence on interventions and programs |
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| specific expectation is deduced from a general theoretical premise and then tested with collected data. |
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| the variable thought to produce variation in the other variable |
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| the variable thought to vary by the influence of other variables. |
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| believe that there is a reality that exists apart from our own perception of it, that it can be understood through observation and that it follows general laws. |
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| the belief that there is an empirical reality, but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers. |
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| the belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality. |
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| perspective that emphasizes how different stakeholders in social settings construct their beliefs. |
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| established 3 basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects: 1. respect for persons, 2. beneficence. 3. justice. |
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| Certificate of Confidentiality |
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Definition
protects researchers from being legally required to disclose confidential information. ie drug use, crime, sexual activity.
still have to report child abuse and neglect. |
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Definition
| define the concept in terms of other concepts (words) |
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| the process of specifying the operations that will indicate the value of cases on a variable |
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| a composite measure based on combining the responses to multiple questions pertaining to a common concept |
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Definition
| the use of two or more different measures of the same variable. |
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| nominal level of measurement |
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Definition
| identifies variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation. vary in kind but not in amount. |
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| ordinal level of measurement |
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Definition
| numbers assigned to cases specify only the order of the cases. permitting greater than and less than distinctions. |
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| interval level of measurement |
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Definition
| represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute zero. |
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| ratio level of measurement |
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Definition
| represents fixed measuring units and an absolute zero point |
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Definition
| a predictable error, in that we can predict the direction of the error |
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| when respondents wish to appear most favorable in the eyes of the interviewer or researcher. |
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| tendency for some respondents to agree or disagree with every statement, regardless if they actually agree |
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Definition
| the measurement procedure yields consistent or equivalent scores when the phenomenon is not changing |
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Definition
| an approach to reliability based on the correlation among multiple items used to measure a single concept |
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| alternate-forms reliability |
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Definition
| comparing subjects answer's to slightly different versions of survey questions. |
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Definition
| using more than one observer to rate the same people, events, or places |
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| when a single observer is assessing an individual at two or more points in time. |
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Definition
| establishes that the measure covers the full range of the concept's meaning. |
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Definition
| scores obtained on one measure are similar to scores obtained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon (criterion) |
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| when a measure yields scores that are closely related to scores on a criterion measured at the same time. |
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| the ability of a measure to predict scores on a criterion measured in the future. |
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| showing that a measure is related to a variety of other measures as specified in a theory |
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Definition
| the measure to be validated is compared to scores on another measure of the same variable and to scores on variables that measure different but similar concepts. |
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| when you can show a relationship between two measures of the same construct that are assessed using different methods. |
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Definition
| use two groups with known characteristics and compare our measure across these two groups |
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Definition
| a form of construct validity used to determine if the scale items relate correctly to different dimensions of the concept. |
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Definition
| the proportion of true positives that is based on the number of people assessed as having a diagnosis by a screening instrument to the number of people who actually have the condition. |
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Definition
| the proportion of true negatives based on the number of people assessed as not having a diagnosis by a screening instrument relative to the number who really do not have the diagnosis |
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| positive predictive value |
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Definition
| the proportion of people who actually have the condition compared to the number who were assessed by the screening tool as having the condition |
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| negative predictive value |
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Definition
| the proportion of all those who actually do not have the condition compared to those who were assessed as having the condition |
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Definition
| entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings are to be generalized |
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Definition
| the individual members of the population whose characteristics are to by measured |
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Definition
| subset of a population that is used to study the population as a whole |
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Definition
| a list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population |
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Definition
| units that contain one or more elements and that are to be listed in a sampling frame |
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Definition
| units listed at each stage of a multistage sampling design. |
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Definition
| the differences between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was selected. |
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Definition
| a sample that looks like the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study. (ie gender, race) |
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Definition
| a method of sampling in which every sample element is selected only on the basis of chance through a random process |
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| systematic random sampling |
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Definition
| method of sampling in which sample elements are selected from a list or from sequential files, with every nth element being selected after the first element is selected randomly within the first interval |
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| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| a sampling method in which sample elements are selected separately from population strata that are identified in advance by the researcher |
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Definition
| elements are selected in two or more stages, with the first stage being the random selection of naturally occurring clusters and the last stage being the random selection of elements within clusters. |
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Definition
| elements are selected because they are available or easy to find (convenience sampling) |
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Term
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Definition
| quotas are set to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| each sample element is selected for a purpose usually because of the unique position of the sample elements |
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Term
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Definition
| identify one member of the population and ask them to identify others and them to identify others and so on. |
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