Term
What is Social Psychology?
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Definition
| The scientific study in which a persons thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by real of imagined presence of others |
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| What is a scientific field? |
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Definition
| One that has adopted a set of methods and values. |
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| What are three methods/values within a scientific field? |
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1. Objectivity
2. Accuracy
3. Skepticism |
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| How does Social Psyc differ from Philosophy? |
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| When did social psychology develop? |
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| The end of the 19th century |
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| Who was one of the pioneers of social psychology? |
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| Who wrote about the interactions of individuals in theo social context? |
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| What event led to more research in the social psyc field and why? |
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| WWII because psychologists wanted to know if violence was inherent or just a result of social context. |
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| Who founded the SPSSI and also studied prejudice? |
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| Who conducted experimental research on social influence, particularily in groups? |
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| Who conducted action research and was responsible for the equation describing disposition and situation as contributing factors to behaviour? |
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| Who was responsible for a study about cognitive dissonance? |
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| Know thyself was said by? |
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| Who you are is based on..? |
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Definition
Self-concept
Self-knowledge
and self-awareness |
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| What are the three features of self? |
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Definition
1. Self includes the body
2. Self includes social identity
3. Self is an active agent |
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| Self includes the body, social identity and is an active agent are the three what? |
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| Group membership (being Canadian) is an example of a social ________. |
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| What are the functions of selfhood? |
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Definition
1. It is an interpersonal tool
2. Self makes choices
3. Self regulation |
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| Self-knowledge comes from ? |
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Definition
| Self comparison and feedback from others. |
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| Perceived self knowledge comes from where? |
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Definition
| From others but is often heavily filtered because of social politeness and selective hearing for criticism. |
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| Why is perceived self knowledge heavily filtered? |
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Definition
| It comes from others meaning politeness may lessen the negativite aspects of actual self-knowlede. We also have a tendency to block out the negative criticisms we hear and thus filter our own self knowledge. |
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| Can we have accurate self-knowledge? |
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Definition
According to autobiographers, yes, self-concept is the greatest form of self knowledge.
According to psychoanalysts, no, some of our own thoughts and self-concept are hidden from conciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of looking inwards and evaluating ones thoughts and feelings. |
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| What are the limitations of introspection? |
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Definition
| It is not often done and when it is, some of our thoughts are hidden from the concious level. |
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| According to Taylor and Brown, what are three ways that we systematically disorder our self-knowledge in a healthy way? |
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Definition
1. Exaggerate positive self-evaluation.
2. Exaggerate perception of control.
3. Unrealistic optimism.
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| With a healthy self-knowledge includeing the systematic disorders, there is still an optimal _______ for _______. |
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Definition
| A personal sense of self worth. |
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| What are the two roots of self-esteem? (How do we obtain our personal worth?) |
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| Social feedback and direct experience of efficiacy. |
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Definition
| Yes, it is stable but fluctuates around a set point. |
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| What are two methods used to raise our self esteem? |
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Definition
1. Downward comparison
2. Upward comparison
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| When people with inflated self-esteem feel that it is threatened what often happens? |
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Definition
| They react by putting others down, sometimes using violence. |
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| What are the steps in the cycle of self-esteem? |
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Definition
| Low self-esteem --> low expectations --> low effort/high anxiety -->failure --> self blame --> low self-esteem |
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Definition
| When attention is focused on oneself and one is comparing self to a set of standards (state and trait). |
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| Culture is comprised of what two things? |
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Definition
(1) the human made part of the environment
(2) social institutions of society such as norms, rules, and laws |
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| We hold value to ceratin social ____. |
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| In the heads of its members. |
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| _____shapes--->culture--->_____ _______ |
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| ecology, social behaviour |
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| Explain sameness vs. differences? |
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Definition
| We all have the similar universal behaviours but the way in which we practice those behaviours varies culturally. |
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| Contrast the independent and interdependent self. |
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Definition
Self is autonomous/self connected with others
Behaviours dispositionally explained/behaviours explained by situational influences
gives rise to self actualization/gives rise to creating and fulfilling |
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| What are three aspects of self? |
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Definition
(1) Private
(2) Public
(3) Collective |
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| Name the top 5 collectivistic countries. |
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Definition
| Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuala, Columbia |
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| Name the top 5 Individualistic countries. |
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| US, UK, Australia, Canada, Netherlands |
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| Aswering the "why" question, giving the reason for an occurance. |
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| What are the two interpretations regarding Patty Hearst's crime? |
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Definition
(1) She had a personal disposition to rob the bank
(2) She was influenced by situation forces resulting in her robbing the bank |
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| What is the Lewinian equation? |
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Definition
An equation that says situation forces and disposition are two components responsible for behaviour.
B=S+D |
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| What is the decision/discounting principle? |
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Definition
| You cannot assume a persons disposition from a particular behaviour if they were pushed to act a certain way by situational forces. You can assume a persons disposition if the behaviour is the opposite of the situational push or the behaviour is unprovoked by any situational forces. |
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Term
| What is correspondance bias and what is its other name? |
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Definition
| Correspondance bias is our tendency to overestimate disposition as the reason for bahvaiours when there is a situational explanation to which the behaviour can be attributed. It also goes by fundamental attribution error. |
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| We engage is correspondance bias for what three reasons? |
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Definition
1. Wanting disposition
2. Misunderstanding situation
3. Misperceiving behaviour |
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| Why do we want disposition? |
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Definition
| It gives us a sense of control. We have a dispositional worldview and like to think we can predict others behaviours. |
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| Why do we misunderstand situations? |
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Definition
| Sometimes they are invisible and we misjudge the capacity of these situational forces on behaviour. |
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| Why do we misperceive behaviour? |
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| Our expectations influence what we perceive others do (perceptive assimilation). There is a difference between action and action identification. |
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| What is Trope's two stage model of attribution? |
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Definition
| Identification---> Attribution |
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| What is Gilbert, Pelham, and Krull's 3 stage model of attribution? |
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Definition
Identificaiton-->Attribution--> Effortful situational correction
We immediately judge someone for their behaviour and then later see the situational influence causing them to act that way and adjust our judgement. |
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| Who suggested sequential operations of dispositional and situational attribution? |
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Definition
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| Evaluations of ourselves, others, and issues with some degree of favour or disfavour. |
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| What are the three components making up the basis of attitude? |
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Definition
(1) Affect
(2) Behavioural Intentions
(3) Cognition
ABC |
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| Describe the affect component of attitude. |
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Definition
| Emotions of feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude, a gut feeling, not rational, not governed by logic. |
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| Describe the behaviours intentions component of attitude. |
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Predisposition to act in a certain way, self-perception.
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| Describe the cognition component of attitude. |
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| Beliefs or ideas people have about the object, weighing the pluses and minuses and making a logical decision. |
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| What are the two theoretical views of attitudes? |
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Definition
| Tri-component theory and separate entities theory. |
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| Describe tri-component theory. |
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Definition
| Attitude is a single entity made up of three aspects that are all interconnected. |
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| Describce the single entities theory |
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| Describe tri-component theory. |
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| Attitude is a single entity made up of three aspects that are all interconnected. |
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| Describe the separate entities theory. |
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Definition
| The components that make up attitide may or may not be interconnected. |
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| When measuring the affect component (your gut feeling) of an attitude, where do most people fall? |
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Definition
| At the extremes. ex// strongly like or strongly dislike but rarely in between |
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| What are ways in which attitude strength is determined? |
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Definition
(1) Ambivalence
(2) Accessibility
(3) Subjective Experience |
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| How does ambivalence affect attitude strength? |
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Definition
| If you have mixed feelings towards an object or issue, you attitude towards it will be weak and persuadable. |
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| Describe the accesibility component of attitude. |
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Definition
| If information about an object or issue is accisible to you, then you are more likely to form and attitude or opinion of great strength about that particular object or attitude. |
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| Describe the subjective experience component of attitude. |
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Definition
| If you have had a particular experience then you assume that your attidude is directly proportional to that experience. |
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| What test can measure attitude strength? |
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Definition
| Implicit Association Test |
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| The implicit associations test is an example of a ______ _______. |
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| What do covert measures actually measure? |
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| In Corey's study on cheating and Lapiere's study on prejudice, it was proved that attitudes and behaiours are not always ___________. |
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| Correspondance Principle was created by who? |
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Definition
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| What is stated in the correspondance principle? |
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Definition
| Attitudes and behaviours must be measured on the same level of specificity in order to provide accurate results. |
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| What did Davidson and Jaccards study on birth control prove? |
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Definition
| That as the specificty of the question increased, there was more correlation between the attitude and behaviour regardig that object or issue. |
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| What are ways in which we reduce cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
(1) Use cognitive elements
(2) Introduce a third element
(3) Seek others opinion and information |
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| Describe the Festinger and Carlsmith study. |
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Definition
| Participants engage in a boring task and then asked to lie to the future participants that the study was exciting. Either payed $1 or $20 to do so. Then they were asked about how they found the task. Those paid less said it wasnt so bad because they had less of a reason to lie to the participants and adjusted their attitude accordingly while those paid more didn't feel that their lie was unjustified since they were paid an adequate amount to do so. |
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| What is the theory of planned behaviour? |
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Definition
| Attitudes toward a behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived control can influence a persons intentions and in turn, guide their behaviour. |
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| What are four ways that we attribute failure and succes? |
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Definition
(1) Ability (internal)
(2) Task difficulty
(3) Effort
(4) Luck |
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| What is isomorphic attribution? |
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Definition
| When you and the actor make the same attribution about a behaviour. |
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| How do individualists attribute success and failure? |
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Definition
| They attribute success to internal disposition and failure to external situational forces. |
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| When Zhou Yang won the gold medal why was she criticised? What view is this? |
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Definition
| She was criticised for not thanking her country. This is a collectivistic view. |
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| Describe Joan Millers study to prove that fundamental attribution error is a western phenomenon. |
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Definition
| American vs. Indian participants of all ages asked to explain the causes of various behaviours they've witnessed over their lives. Adults showed the most differences in results. American adults attributed these behaviours to disposition while Indian adults attributed them to situational forces. |
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| Describe Masuda and Nisbett's Study |
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Definition
| Japanese and American participants asked to look at a picture of one blue fish and many yellow for a short period of time. Then the picture was taken away and asked to recall what they saw. Americans focues on the one blue fish while Japanese focused on the surrounding fish although both groups recalled equal amounts of details. |
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| Describe Hong, Morris, Chiu and Benet-Martinez study about social perceptions for bicultual individuals. |
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Definition
| When shown Chinese images before being shown a picture, they made more collectivistic attributions. When shown American images before being shown a picture, made more dispositional attributions. |
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| What was the conclusion of the Hong, Morris, Chiu, and Benet-Martinez study on bicultural attribution? |
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Definition
| That social perceptions are fluid and it depends what culture is brought to mind. |
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| What are self-serving attributions? |
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Definition
| The tendency to explain success to disposition and failure to external factors. |
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| What is the function of self-serving bias? |
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Definition
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| Describe the study conducted by Sande, Goethals, Ferrari and Worth that meausured self-serving bias. |
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Definition
| When they asked Americans about activity of american ships in international waters, most respond positively. When asked about activity of Russian ships in international waters, most respons negatively. |
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| What did Ross and Sicoly do? |
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Definition
| Conducted a study that showed that we overestimate our own contributions in a group and underestimate others. |
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| What is self-effacement attribution? |
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Definition
| Also known as the modesty bias, it is the tendency to make internal attributions for failure and external attiribution for success. |
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| What study was conducted by Yik, Bond, and Paulhus? |
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Definition
| In a group project, UBC students rated themselves higher than their group member rated them and Japanese students rated themselves lower than their group rated them. |
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| What did Heine, Takata ad Lehman do? |
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Definition
| A study with Canadian and Japanese participants. Computerized mathematical judgement test. Participants then asked if they thought they performed above average and were given false feedback. If Canadians were told they failed, they would look over the trials like they didn't believe it. If Japanese were told they passed, the would look over the trials like they didn't believe it. |
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| What is the function of self-effacement in collectivistic cultures? |
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Definition
| It is important to social relations and helps you be more liked. |
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| What did Shultz do in his experiment? |
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Definition
| Asked individuals to write a short essay about the problems with the environment that they found most concerning and why. They all fell into three categories. |
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| What were the three categories found in Shultz experiment? |
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Definition
(1) Egoistic (for my well being)
(2) Altruistic (for the well being of the community and future generations)
(3) Biospheric (for the well being of the world, and nature) |
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| In what ways do sexual attitudes vary across culture? |
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Definition
EVERYTHING
-kissing
-sexual positions
-homosexuality
-masturbation |
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| What is Gestalt psychology? |
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Definition
| A theory that proposes objects are viewed hollistically. |
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Definition
| A theory that describes people's bahviour as acquired through classical conditioning. |
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| What is the sociocultural perspective? |
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Definition
| Describes behaviour and mental processes as being shaped in part by social and cultural context. |
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| What is humanistic psychology? |
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Definition
| Like positive psychology, it focusses on potential and fulfillment. |
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| Distinguish between self perception and social perception. |
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Definition
| Self perception ishow we think about ourselves while social perception is how people form impressions and make inferences about other people and events in the social world. |
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| What is self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
| People's expectations about a person that lead them to elicit behaviour that confirms these expectations. |
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Definition
| The "I knew it all along" bias. We see a given outcome as inevitable once we know the result of the outcome. |
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| What are three methods of self presentation/impression management? |
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Definition
| Ingratiation, Self-Verification Theory, Self-Monitoring |
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Definition
| When someone tries to make others like them through praise. This can lead to others not liking you because this praiase, if under an ulterior motive, can be seen as insincere. |
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| Explain self-verification theory. |
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Definition
| People want other people's perception of oneself to be consitent with ones own perception of oneself. |
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| Describe self-monitoring. |
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Definition
| The extent to which one adjusts self-presentations in different situations. High self-monitors express themselves in different ways when around different groups of people. |
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| What is self-hadicapping? |
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Definition
| When people make obstacles for themselves on their way to success so that potential failure can be attributed to these obstacles and ones self-esteem is protected. |
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| What is self-verification theory? |
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Definition
| People want their perception of themselves to be consistent wtith other peoples perception of them. |
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| What is covariation theory and the three sources of information we use in regards to it? |
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Definition
| People determine the cause of a persons behaviour by focusing on the factors that are present when the behaviour occurs. We pay specific attention to consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness. |
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| The actor-observer effect describes what? |
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Definition
| Our tendency to see other people's behaviour as caused by dispositional factors but to see our own behavious as a reult of situational forces. |
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| Why do we engage in the actor-observer effect? |
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Definition
(1) We don't have access to other people's thoughts and feelings
(2) We want to maintain a positive self image |
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| What is the exposure effect? |
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Definition
| The greater exposure we have towards a given stiulus, the more we end up liking it. |
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